Chloroplast biogenesis

Rebeiz, Constantin A.; Mattheis, James R.; Smith, Barry B.; Rebeiz, Carole C.; Dayton, D. F.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(75)90065-x

Cited by 112 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Porphyrins were extracted on the basis of the method of Rebeiz et al (18). Approximately 0.1 g of tissue was homogenized with a microtube pestle in ammonium-acetone (0.1 M NH 4 OH͞acetone 1:9) and centrifuged for 15 min at 0°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis genomes uncoupled 5 ( GUN5 ) mutant reveals the involvement of Mg-chelatase H subunit in plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction

Mochizuki

Brusslan

Larkin

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

611

681

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A plastid-derived signal plays an important role in the coordinated expression of both nuclear-and chloroplast-localized genes that encode photosynthesis-related proteins. Arabidopsis GUN (genomes uncoupled) loci have been identified as components of plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction. Unlike wild-type plants, gun mutants have nuclear Lhcb1 expression in the absence of chloroplast development. We observed a synergistic phenotype in some gun double-mutant combinations, suggesting there are at least two independent pathways in plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction. There is a reduction of chlorophyll accumulation in gun4 and gun5 mutant plants, and a gun4gun5 double mutant shows an albino phenotype. We cloned the GUN5 gene, which encodes the ChlH subunit of Mg-chelatase. We also show that gun2 and gun3 are alleles of the known photomorphogenic mutants, hy1 and hy2, which are required for phytochromobilin synthesis from heme. These findings suggest that certain perturbations of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway generate a signal from chloroplasts that causes transcriptional repression of nuclear genes encoding plastid-localized proteins. The comparison of mutant phenotypes of gun5 and another Mg-chelatase subunit (ChlI) mutant suggests a specific function for ChlH protein in the plastid-signaling pathway.A number of components required for plastid structure and development are encoded by the nuclear genome. There is a considerable body of evidence that suggests that the proper and timely expression of these genes depends in part on the functional state of the chloroplast. For example, nuclear mutations that result in developmentally arrested chloroplasts also result in the reduced expression of nuclear-localized photosynthetic genes (1). These results tie the functional state of the chloroplast to nuclear function and suggest that the chloroplast signals the nucleus in a retrograde fashion (2).Such retrograde signaling between chloroplast and nucleus has been studied primarily by using carotenoid-deficient plants induced either by mutations or by carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors such as Norflurazon (Nf; refs. 3 and 4). Carotenoids prevent the production of reactive oxygen species by excited triplet states of chlorophyll. Carotenoid-deficient plants thus suffer a rapid photooxidation of most chloroplast components under intense light. Although most nuclear-encoded cytoplasmic enzymes are present at normal levels in photooxidatively damaged plants, a small set of nuclear-encoded chloroplast enzymes is absent (3, 4). Accordingly, it was hypothesized that plastids send an unknown signal(s) to the nucleus that regulates the expression of a small subset of nuclear-localized photosynthetic genes (2, 5).The molecular nature of the plastid signal(s) and the mechanism by which it is relayed to the nucleus remain ambiguous. Although both plastid transcription and translation are necessary for the production of the plastid signal (4, 6), the plastid signal is not a direct translational product of a plastid gene. Lig...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsis genomes uncoupled 5 ( GUN5 ) mutant reveals the involvement of Mg-chelatase H subunit in plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction

Mochizuki

Brusslan

Larkin

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

611

681

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“…Fully esterified tetrapyrroles were extracted into hexane, whereas the mono-and dicarboxylic tetrapyrroles remained in the hexane-extracted acetone residue fraction. Quantitative estimation of protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin monoester, and protochlorophyllide from their mixture was carried out spectrofluorometrically (17,22). The protein content of the extracts was estimated according to Lowry et al (15).…”

Section: Estimation Of Tetrapyrrolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Singlet Oxygen in 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Photodynamic Damage of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Chloroplasts

Chakraborty¹,

Tripathy²

1992

Plant Physiol.

132

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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv Poinsette) plants were sprayed with 20 millimolar 5-aminolevulinic acid and then incubated in the dark for 14 hours. The intact chloroplasts were isolated from the above plants in the dark and were exposed to weak light (250 micromoles per square meter per second). Within 30 minutes, photosystem 11 activity was reduced by 50%. The singlet oxygen (102) scavengers, histidine and sodium azide (NaN3) significantly protected against the damage caused to photosystem II. The hydroxyl radical scavenger formate failed to protect the thylakoid membranes. The production of 102 monitored as N,N-dimethyl p-nitrosoaniline bleaching increased as a function of light exposure time of treated chloroplasts and was abolished by the 102 quencher, NaN3. Membrane lipid peroxidation monitored as malondialdehyde production was also significantly reduced when chloroplasts were illuminated in the presence of NaN3 and histidine. Protochlorophyllide was the most abundant pigment accumulated in intact chloroplasts isolated from 5-aminolevulinic acid-treated plants and was probably acting as type 11 photosensitizer.

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“…Incubations were terminated and metalloporphyrins were extracted into diethyl ether as in [4]. A mixture of carder pigments (see below) was added to those ether extracts obtained from incubations containing 14C-labelled substrates.…”

Section: Extraction Of Pigments Into Ether and Separation By Tlcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [3] Mg-protoporphyrin IX and the monomethyl ester in mixtures were directly assayed by spectrofluorimetry. This method failed to differentiate between Mg-protoporphyrin IX and 'related metalloporphyrins' [4] including Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester. Further, cell-free preparations from etiolated wheat seedlings were unexpectedly Abbreviations: ALA, S-aminolaevulinic acid; BSA, bovine serum albumin; GSH, reduced glutathione; Hepes, ethanesulphonic acid; HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography; Mg-proto IX E, magnesium protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester; proto IX, protoporphyrin IX; Tes, N-tris-[hydroxymethyl] methyl-2-aminoethanesulphonic acid; TLC, thin-layer chromatography…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The synthesis of magnesium and zinc protoporphyrin IX and their monomethyl esters in etioplast preparations studied by high pressure liquid chromatography

Richter

Rienits

1980

FEBS Letters

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Chloroplast biogenesis

Cited by 112 publications

References 18 publications

Arabidopsis genomes uncoupled 5 ( GUN5 ) mutant reveals the involvement of Mg-chelatase H subunit in plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction

Arabidopsis genomes uncoupled 5 ( GUN5 ) mutant reveals the involvement of Mg-chelatase H subunit in plastid-to-nucleus signal transduction

Involvement of Singlet Oxygen in 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Photodynamic Damage of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Chloroplasts

The synthesis of magnesium and zinc protoporphyrin IX and their monomethyl esters in etioplast preparations studied by high pressure liquid chromatography

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