Chlorothalonil induces oxidative stress and reduces enzymatic activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase in gill tissues of marine bivalves

Abstract

Chlorothalonil is a thiol-reactive antifoulant that disperses widely and has been found in the marine environment. However, there is limited information on the deleterious effects of chlorothalonil in marine mollusks. In this study, we evaluated the effects of chlorothalonil on the gill tissues of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas and the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis after exposure to different concentrations of chlorothalonil (0.1, 1, and 10 μg L −1 ) for 96 h. Following exposure to 1 and/or 10 μg L −1 of chlorothalonil, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in the gill tissues of C . gigas and M . edulis compared to that in the control group at 96 h. Similarly, glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly affected in both bivalves after chlorothalonil exposure. The chlorothalonil treatment caused a significant time- and concentration-dependent increase in the activity of enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), in the antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, 10 μg L −1 of chlorothalonil resulted in significant inhibitions in the enzymatic activity of Na + /K + -ATPase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These results suggest that chlorothalonil induces potential oxidative stress and changes in osmoregulation and the cholinergic system in bivalve gill tissues. This information will be a useful reference for the potential toxicity of chlorothalonil in marine bivalves.

How Does Mytilus galloprovincialis Respond When Exposed to the Gametophyte Phase of the Invasive Red Macroalga Asparagopsis armata Exudate?

“…This response may reveal the activation of a compensatory mechanism allowing for plasticity in response to moderate adverse environments [75]. Hormesis responses after exposure to organic compounds were also observed regarding other oxidative stress-related biomarkers in marine bivalves, such as CAT activity of Crassostrea gigas or GSH levels of M. edulis [76]. This enzyme plays a main role in regulating cholinergic neurotransmissions [77,78], therefore adverse effects on AChE may disrupt many essential nervous system functions.…”

Sublethal Effects of Cadmium on the Osmoregulatory and Acid-Base Parameters of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Various Times

“…Nussey et al [41] meanwhile suggested that osmotic adaptation was responsible for the decrease in serum K + . Te considerable alterations in Na + /K + -ATPase activity may explain why the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) is unable to compete against the enhanced passive ion efux that occurs when it is exposed to the antifouling chemical chlorothalonil [42]. Some hematological changes were also associated to acidosis.…”

Linking biochemical and individual-level effects of chlorpyrifos, triphenyl phosphate, and bisphenol A on sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) larvae

“…GPx use the reduced form of GSH to decompose peroxides yielding GSSG which is regenerated through an active GR redox cycle (Regoli and Giuliani 2014). The increase in GR activity under stress conditions, linked to that of GPx, has been observed in different organisms (González-Fernández et al 2015;Haque et al 2019). Although CAT is predominant in H 2 O 2 detoxification, catalyzing the decomposition of H 2 O 2 into water and oxygen, GPx is the first antioxidant defense mechanism to be activated since it has more affinity than CAT to H 2 O 2 (Vidal-Liñán et al 2010).…”