Chloroviruses: not your everyday plant virus

Etten, James L. Van; Dunigan, David D.

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.005

Cited by 94 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…A sample, which contained ≥10 copies of ATCV-1 genomic DNA, was considered to contain ATCV-1 DNA. DNA extracted from related chloroviruses PBCV-1 and CVM-1 (13,29) and human DNA did not produce products with this assay.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Viruses in the phycodnavirus family, together with those in the Poxviridae, Iridoviridae, Ascoviridae, Asfarviridae, Mimiviridae, and Marseilleviridae, are proposed to have a common evolutionary ancestor and are often referred to as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (24)(25)(26). Chloroviruses have large dsDNA genomes (290-370 kb) that encode up to 410 proteins and many tRNAs (13). Chloroviruses infect certain unicellular, eukaryotic, exsymbiotic chlorella-like green algae, called zoochlorellae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This family of algae-infecting viruses is common in aqueous environments but not previously thought to infect humans or animals or to inhabit human mucosal surfaces (13). Viruses that cross kingdoms are rare; however, some plant viruses can replicate in both their plant host as well as an invertebrate vector.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice

Yolken

Jones‐Brando

Dunigan

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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103

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Chloroviruses (family Phycodnaviridae) are large DNA viruses known to infect certain eukaryotic green algae and have not been previously shown to infect humans or to be part of the human virome. We unexpectedly found sequences homologous to the chlorovirus Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1 (ATCV-1) in a metagenomic analysis of DNA extracted from human oropharyngeal samples. These samples were obtained by throat swabs of adults without a psychiatric disorder or serious physical illness who were participating in a study that included measures of cognitive functioning. The presence of ATCV-1 DNA was confirmed by quantitative PCR with ATCV-1 DNA being documented in oropharyngeal samples obtained from 40 (43.5%) of 92 individuals. The presence of ATCV-1 DNA was not associated with demographic variables but was associated with a modest but statistically significant decrease in the performance on cognitive assessments of visual processing and visual motor speed. We further explored the effects of ATCV-1 in a mouse model. The inoculation of ATCV-1 into the intestinal tract of 9-11-wk-old mice resulted in a subsequent decrease in performance in several cognitive domains, including ones involving recognition memory and sensory-motor gating. ATCV-1 exposure in mice also resulted in the altered expression of genes within the hippocampus. These genes comprised pathways related to synaptic plasticity, learning, memory formation, and the immune response to viral exposure.chlorovirus ATCV-1 | infection | cognitive functioning | oropharyngeal virome | metagenomic sequencing

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice

Yolken

Jones‐Brando

Dunigan

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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103

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“…Chloroviruses are large icosahedral (190 nm in external diameter) viruses that have an internal lipid membrane (Van Etten and Dunigan, 2012). The chloroviruses infect symbiotic chlorella, often called zoochlorellae, which are associated with either the protozoan Paramecium bursaria, the coelenterate Hydra viridis, or the heliozoon Acanthocystis turfacea.…”

Section: Channel and Transporter Gene Products Coded By Algal Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium Ion Channels: Could They Have Evolved from Viruses?

et al. 2013

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“…Chloroviruses are large icosahedral, plaque-forming, doublestranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that infect certain eukaryotic, chlorella-like, symbiotic green algae (22,23). The chloroviruses are proposed to have a common evolutionary ancestor with some other large DNA viruses, including the poxviruses, asfarviruses, iridoviruses, ascoviruses, mimiviruses, and marseilleviruses, and collectively are often referred to as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) (24,25,26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorovirus PBCV-1 Encodes an Active Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase

Kang

Duncan

Kuszynski

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are metalloproteins that protect organisms from toxic reactive oxygen species by catalyzing the conversion of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. Chlorovirus PBCV-1 encodes a 187-amino-acid protein that resembles a Cu-Zn SOD with all of the conserved amino acid residues for binding copper and zinc (named cvSOD). cvSOD has an internal Met that results in a 165-amino-acid protein (named tcvSOD). Both cvSOD and tcvSOD recombinant proteins inhibited nitroblue tetrazolium reduction of superoxide anion generated in a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system in solution. tcvSOD was chosen for further characterization because it was easier to produce. Recombinant tcvSOD also inhibited a riboflavin photochemical reduction system in a polyacrylamide gel assay, which was blocked by the Cu-Zn SOD inhibitor cyanide but not by azide, which inhibits Fe and Mn SODs. A k cat /K m value for cvSOD was determined by stop-flow spectrophotometry as 1.28 ؋ 10 8 M ؊1 s ؊1 , suggesting that cvSOD-catalyzed O 2 ؊ dismutation was not a diffusion controlled encounter. The cvsod gene was expressed as a late gene, and cvSOD activity was detected in purified virions. Superoxide accumulated rapidly during virus infection, and circumstantial evidence indicates that cvSOD aids its decomposition to benefit virus replication. Cu-Zn SOD homologs have been described to occur in 3 other families of large DNA viruses, poxviruses, baculoviruses, and mimiviruses, which group as a clade. Interestingly, cvSOD does not group in the same clade as the other virus SODs but instead groups in an expanded clade that includes Cu-Zn SODs from many cellular organisms. IMPORTANCEVirus infection often leads to an increase in toxic reactive oxygen species in the host, which can be detrimental to virus replication. Viruses have developed various ways to overcome this barrier. As reported in this article, the chloroviruses often encode and package a functional Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase in the virion that presumably lowers the concentration of reactive oxygen induced early during virus infection.

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Chloroviruses: not your everyday plant virus

Cited by 94 publications

References 85 publications

Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice

Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice

Potassium Ion Channels: Could They Have Evolved from Viruses?

Chlorovirus PBCV-1 Encodes an Active Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase

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