Choice reaction with variable S-R mapping.

Shaffer, L. H.

doi:10.1037/h0022207

Cited by 154 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…However, the influence of cuing interval on the SRC effect was not significant for either age group. The likely reason why the SRC effect was not eliminated for younger adults is that the mapping signal always preceded the target stimulus, even at the short cuing interval, allowing at least some time for advance preparation of the cued mapping (De Jong, 1995;Shaffer, 1965). More important, these data are equivocal about whether the SRC effect for older adults is reduced or eliminated when mappings are mixed since their effect was slightly, but not significantly, smaller at the short than long interval.…”

Section: Mixed Mappings and Tasksmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…With one variation of this procedure, compatible and incompatible trials are mixed within a trial block, and a mapping signal indicates which mapping is appropriate for any given trial. The mapping signal can be a nonspatial stimulus feature such as the horizontal or vertical orientation of a centered line (Shaffer, 1965) or the color of the stimulus (Heister & Schroeder-Heister, 1994;. With mixed mappings, participants must maintain representations of both location mappings in working memory, identify the mapping signal, choose the representation that is appropriate for the current trial, switch the task set to that mapping if it is different from the mapping on the previous trial, and apply the mapping to select the correct response.…”

Section: Mixed Mappings and Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age differences in response selection for pure and mixed stimulus–response mappings and tasks

Proctor

2008

Acta Psychologica

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Two experiments examined effects of mixed stimulus-response mappings and tasks for older and younger adults. In Experiment 1, participants performed two-choice spatial reaction tasks with blocks of pure and mixed compatible and incompatible mappings. In Experiment 2, a compatible or incompatible mapping was mixed with a Simon task for which the mapping of stimulus color to location was relevant and stimulus location irrelevant. In both experiments older adults showed larger mixing costs than younger adults and larger compatibility effects, with the differences particularly pronounced in Experiment 1 when location mappings were mixed. In mixed conditions, when stimulus location was relevant, older adults benefited more than younger adults from complete repetition of the task and stimulus from the preceding trial. When stimulus location was irrelevant, the benefit of complete repetition did not differ reliably between age groups. The results suggest that the age-related deficit associated with mixing mappings and tasks is primarily due to older adults having more difficulty separating task sets that activate conflicting response codes.

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Section: Mixed Mappings and Tasksmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Mixed Mappings and Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age differences in response selection for pure and mixed stimulus–response mappings and tasks

Proctor

2008

Acta Psychologica

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“…The lack of compatibility effect likely is due to the fact that, with this cuing procedure, the actual mapping of stimuli to responses varies from trial to trial. Mixing mappings eliminates the benefit for the compatible mapping in two-choice tasks using visuospatial stimulus-response sets (Shaffer, 1965;. In other words, a compatible mapping is beneficial only when the mapping of stimuli to responses is consistent across trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of precuing horizontal and vertical dimensions on right—left prevalence

Proctor

Koch

2006

Memory & Cognition

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When stimuli and responses can be coded along horizontal and vertical dimensions simultaneously, a right-left prevalence effect is often obtained for which the advantage for a compatible mapping is larger on the horizontal dimension than on the vertical dimension. The present study investigated the role of preparatory processes in this right-left prevalence effect using a method in which the relevant dimension was cued at short and long intervals prior to presentation of the target stimulus. In three experiments, the right-left prevalence effect did not vary significantly in magnitude as a function of cue-target interval, suggesting that the effect is due primarily to relative salience of the horizontal and vertical codes, as determined by the task structure, and not to a greater ease of attending to the horizontal dimension.

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“…More specifically, experimental paradigms measured switching at the judgment level (as in the vast majority of task-switch studies; e.g., Altmann, 2004;Arrington & Logan, 2004;Dreisbach, Haider, & Kluwe, 2002;M. Hübner, Kluwe, Luna-Rodriguez, & Peters, 2004;Koch, 2001;Lien, Schweickert, & Proctor, 2003;Logan & Bundesen, 2003;Logan, Schneider, & Bundesen, 2007;Mayr & Kliegl, 2000;Meiran, 1996;Nieuwenhuis & Monsell, 2002;Oriet & Jolcoeur, 2003;Rogers & Monsell, 1995;Schneider & Logan, 2006;Waszak, Hommel, & Allport, 2003), at the stimulus dimension level (e.g., R. Hübner et al, 2001;Mayr & Keele, 2000), at the level of the responses (in terms of response sets; e.g., Philipp & Koch, 2005), and at the level of (pure) stimulus-response mappings (e.g., Rushworth et al, 2002Rushworth et al, , 2005Shaffer, 1965).…”

Section: Types Of Tasks and A First Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifting between mental sets: An individual differences approach to commonalities and differences of task switching components.

Bastian¹,

Druey²

2017

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Switching between mental sets has been extensively investigated in both experimental and individual differences research using a wide range of task-switch paradigms. However, it is yet unclear whether these different tasks measure a unitary shifting ability or reflect different facets thereof. In this study, 20 task pairs were administered to 119 young adults to assess 5 proposed components of mental set shifting: switching between judgments, stimulus dimensions, stimulus-response mappings, response sets, and stimulus sets. Modeling latent factors for each of the components revealed that a model with 5 separate yet mostly correlated factors fit the data best. In this model, the components most strongly related to the other latent factors were stimulus-response mapping shifting and, to a lesser degree, response set shifting. In addition, both factors were statistically indistinguishable from a second-order general shifting factor. In contrast, shifting between judgments as well as stimulus dimensions consistently required separate factors and could, hence, not fully be accounted for by the general shifting factor. Finally, shifting between stimulus sets was unrelated to any other shifting component but mapping shifting. We conclude that tasks assessing shifting between mappings are most adequate to assess general shifting ability. In contrast, shifting between stimulus sets (e.g., as in the Trail Making Test) probably reflects shifts in visual attention rather than executive shifting ability.Keywords: task switching, individual differences, executive functions, unity and diversity Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000333.supp It is common experience that we rarely focus on only one activity at the time uninterruptedly. Rather, most of our daily life involves several things going on in quick succession or even concurrently. For example, while driving a car, we may simultaneously listen to music, quickly shift our attention from the street to the navigation system, and back on the road in an attempt to orient in an unfamiliar city. The mental processes behind such task switching and multitasking are obviously complex and have been one of the main topics in cognitive research of the last decades. Terms as, for instance, executive functions, cognitive control, or mental flexibility have been used to refer to the set of "shifting abilities" required in such situations, and many different paradigms have been developed to experimentally investigate these skills (e.g., Logan, 1985;Pashler, 2000).Set shifting abilities have also been of central interest in individual differences studies and studies on so-called frontal-lobe functions (e.g., Alvarez & Emory, 2006;Miyake et al., 2000). In these contexts, tasks have frequently been used that already have a long tradition in the assessment of frontal-executive functioning such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and its derivatives, or the Trail Making Test (TMT).In the present study, we try to bridge the two fields by using an individual differences...

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Choice reaction with variable S-R mapping.

Cited by 154 publications

References 6 publications

Age differences in response selection for pure and mixed stimulus–response mappings and tasks

Age differences in response selection for pure and mixed stimulus–response mappings and tasks

Effects of precuing horizontal and vertical dimensions on right—left prevalence

Shifting between mental sets: An individual differences approach to commonalities and differences of task switching components.

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