Cholera prevention and control in Asian countries

Ahmed, Mansoor; Baquilod, Mario; Deola, Claudio; Tu, Nguyen Dong; Anh, Đặng Đức; Grasso, Cindy; Gautam, Anu; Hamzah, Wan Mansor; Heng, Seng; Iamsirithaworn, Sopon; Kadim, Muzal; Kar, Shantanu Kumar; Quynh, Mai Le Thi; Lopez, Anna Lena; Lynch, Julia; Memon, Iqbal A.; Mengel, Martin; Long, Vũ Ngọc; Pandey, Basu Dev; Quadri, Firdausi; Saadatian‐Elahi, Mitra; Gupta, Sanjukta Sen; Sultan, Ashraf Uddin; Sur, Dipika; Tan, Dang Quang; Ha, Hoang Thi Thu; Hein, Nguyen Tran; Lan, Phan Trong; Upreti, Shyam Raj; Endtz, Hubert P.; Ganguly, Nirmal Kumar; Legros, Dominique; Picot, Valentina; Nair, G. Balakrish

doi:10.1186/s12919-018-0158-1

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Whether diarrhea was bloody or suggestive of cholera was not assessed in this study. However, Indonesia reported low cholera incidence in the last decade [32] and dysentery was frequently observed in the rainy season (December to January) [33]. The proportion of the symptoms mentioned above is considered to be low among all diarrhea cases during the non-epidemic period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of antibiotics for common illnesses among children aged under 5 years in a rural community in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2019

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Background The incidence of antimicrobial resistance has been increasing worldwide in the past decades, which includes resistance to bacteria that cause common childhood illnesses, such as acute respiratory infections and diarrhea. Numerous children with those common illnesses are treated with antibiotics. However, in such cases, antibiotic treatment is not required. Community-based studies focusing on antibiotic use among children are still limited. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of antibiotic use for common childhood illnesses and to investigate factors associated with antibiotic use in children under 5 years old as well as female caregivers in a rural community in Indonesia. Methods A cross-sectional study of 334 children in three villages of Banten Province, located in the western part of Java Island, was conducted in May 2018. Female caregivers who were responsible for providing medications to children were interviewed. We obtained information such as demographic data, any common clinical illness within the last 30 days, and antibiotic usage during an episode of illness. We excluded children with underlying disease that require a regular follow-up and children who were hospitalized in the last 30 days in the analysis. Antibiotic use answered by female caregivers was verified by checking its package or showing photos of various antibiotics to the female caregivers. Crushed antibiotics were confirmed with health professionals. Results A total of 203 children had clinical symptoms, and the most common symptom was fever and respiratory symptoms. In total, 49.3% received antibiotics, and 66% of them were prescribed by private health professionals. Only two children received antibiotics without a prescription. The most common antibiotic used among children was amoxicillin. Conclusions The high prevalence of antibiotic use was observed in children under 5 years of age, and the major source to obtain antibiotics was to consult health professionals. Training on appropriate antibiotic use must be conducted for health professionals in not only public but also private sectors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of antibiotics for common illnesses among children aged under 5 years in a rural community in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2019

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“…A gold standard when managing an epidemic cholera outbreak is the implementation of WaSH (water, sanitation and hygiene), a key intervention that helps both the prevention of and response to the outbreak [100,101]. As highlighted during the Peruvian outbreak, proper chlorination and suitable water treatment must be in place to prevent the spread of V. cholerae O1 once it has entered the water supply.…”

Section: Lessons From the Peruvian Outbreakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholera dynamics: lessons from an epidemic

Balasubramanian

Murcia

Ogbunugafor

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Cholera is a severe diarrhoeal disease that spreads rapidly and affects millions of people each year, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. The disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and is characterized by watery diarrhoea that can be lethal if not properly treated. Cholera had not been reported in South America from the late 1800s until 1991, when it was introduced in Peru, wreaking havoc in one of the biggest epidemics reported to date. Within a year, the disease had spread to most of the Latin American region, resulting in millions of cases and thousands of deaths in all affected countries. Despite its aggressive entry, cholera virtually disappeared from the continent after 1999. The progression of the entire epidemic was well documented, making it an ideal model to understand cholera dynamics. In this review, we highlight how the synergy of socioeconomic, political and ecological factors led to the emergence, rapid spread and eventual disappearance of cholera in Latin America. We discuss how measures implemented during the cholera epidemic drastically changed its course and continental dynamics. Finally, we synthesize our findings and highlight potential lessons that can be learned for efficient and standardized cholera management programmes during future outbreaks in non-endemic areas.

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“…Handwashing promotion has become an increasing priority for governments and non‐governmental organisations, yet there have been relatively few evaluations of large‐scale handwashing promotion programmes in the community setting . Most previous evaluations have been of small‐scale interventions and thus have provided little insight for large‐scale promotion efforts .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of a large‐scale handwashing promotion intervention on handwashing behaviour in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Wichaidit

Biswas

Begum

et al. 2019

Tropical Med Int Health

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objective The behavioural effect of large-scale handwashing promotion programmes has been infrequently evaluated, and variation in the effect over time has not been described. We assess the effect of a large-scale handwashing promotion programme on handwashing outcomes in a community setting in Dhaka, Bangladesh.methods We analysed data from a cluster-randomised trial that included three arms: vaccine-andbehaviour-change intervention (VBC), vaccine-only (V) and no intervention (Control). Data collectors randomly selected different subsets of households each month during the study period and assessed: (i) temporal variation in availability of soap and water at handwashing place; (ii) the use of water and soap by participants when asked to demonstrate handwashing, and; (iii) handwashing behaviour according to structured observation. We used log-binomial regression analyses to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals and compare outcomes by study arms.results Data collectors surveyed 9325 households over 28 months. In VBC, there was a significant positive trend on availability of water and soap from baseline to 9 months after the start of the intervention (P-for-trends <0.001), and no significant trend during months 10-28 (P-fortrend = 0.297). In the entire study period, availability of water and soap was higher in VBC (43%) than in V (23%) (PR = 1.92; CI = 1.72, 2.15) and Control (28%) (PR = 1.53; CI = 1.38, 1.69) households. There were no differences between study arms with regard to use of soap during handwashing demonstrations. Observed handwashing with soap after toilet use was higher in VBC (17%) than in V (8%) (PR = 1.47, CI = 0.58, 3.75) and Control (2%) (PR = 3.47, CI = 0.48, 23.33) groups. At other possible pathogen transmission events, the prevalence of handwashing with soap was ≤3%.conclusion VBC households maintained soap and water for handwashing, but the prevalence of observed handwashing was low in all study arms. The results underscore the need to strengthen scalable behaviour change approaches.

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Cholera prevention and control in Asian countries

Cited by 14 publications

References 18 publications

Use of antibiotics for common illnesses among children aged under 5 years in a rural community in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Use of antibiotics for common illnesses among children aged under 5 years in a rural community in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Cholera dynamics: lessons from an epidemic

Effectiveness of a large‐scale handwashing promotion intervention on handwashing behaviour in Dhaka, Bangladesh

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