Cholera Prevention With Traditional and Novel Water Treatment Methods: An Outbreak Investigation in Fort-Dauphin, Madagascar

Reller, Megan E.; Mong, Yves; Hoekstra, Robert M.; Quick, Robert

doi:10.2105/ajph.91.10.1608

Cited by 33 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…11,13,17 During recent cholera outbreaks in other African countries, reported CFRs also were lower: GuineaBissau (3.4%), Zambia (3.5%), Nigeria (6.1%), Madagascar (5.9%), and Tanzania (2.1%), and Zimbabwe (2.9%). [7][8][9][10]12,18,19 Reporting of cholera cases almost always depends on passive health facility-based surveillance and likely results in a significant underestimation of cases in most cholera outbreaks in Africa. Many cholera patients without severe illness do not seek care from health facilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Mortality in a Cholera Outbreak in Western Kenya after Post-Election Violence in 2008

Shikanga¹,

Mutonga²,

Abade³

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. In 2008, a cholera outbreak with unusually high mortality occurred in western Kenya during civil unrest after disputed presidential elections. Through active case finding, we found a 200% increase in fatal cases and a 37% increase in surviving cases over passively reported cases; the case-fatality ratio increased from 5.5% to 11.4%. In conditional logistic regression of a matched case-control study of fatal versus non-fatal cholera infection, home antibiotic treatment (odds ratio [OR] 0.049; 95% CI: < 0.001-0.43), hospitalization (OR, 0.066; 95% CI, 0.001-0.54), treatment in government-operated health facilities (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.015-0.73), and receiving education about cholera by health workers (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.018-0.96) were protective against death. Among 13 hospitalized fatal cases, chart review showed inadequate intravenous and oral hydration and substantial staff and supply shortages at the time of admission. Cholera mortality was under-reported and very high, in part because of factors exacerbated by widespread post-election violence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Mortality in a Cholera Outbreak in Western Kenya after Post-Election Violence in 2008

Shikanga¹,

Mutonga²,

Abade³

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Self Cite

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“…Addressing components of neighborhood and community development that affect quality of life is a key responsibility of governing institutions [30]. Sanitary facilities and a safe water supply can decrease the incidence of cholera by 68% and 73%, respectively [31]; while piped water may be inaccessible owing to limited availability of resources in developing countries, water treatments and safe storage interventions are economical and accessible methods of reducing disease risk [32, 33]. Although lack of intersectoral collaboration and secure funding limit IVM implementation in many unindustrialized nations [12], the Zambia Malaria Control Programme with the Roll Back Malaria Partners have successfully applied IVM and established environmental protection strategies that have reduced malaria in Zambia [34].…”

Section: Many Approaches One Target: What Is Missing?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding Integrated Vector Management to promote healthy environments

Lizzi

Qualls

Brown

et al. 2014

Trends in Parasitology

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Integrated Vector Management (IVM) strategies are intended to protect communities from pathogen transmission by arthropods. These strategies target multiple vectors and different ecological and socioeconomic settings, but the aggregate benefits of IVM are limited by the narrow focus of its approach; IVM strategies only aim to control arthropod vectors. We argue that IVM should encompass environmental modifications at early stages, for instance, infrastructural development and sanitation services, to regulate not only vectors but also nuisance-biting arthropods. An additional focus on nuisance-biting arthropods will improve public health, quality of life, and minimize social disparity issues fostered by pests. Optimally, IVM could incorporate environmental awareness and promotion of control methods in order to proactively reduce threats of serious pest situations.

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“…Madagascar (Reller et al 2001). Around 90% of households served stored water using a cup or ladle, which may have introduced contamination thus confounding the effect of hand-water contact.…”

Section: Hygienementioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of domestic water quality management in the context of faecal–oral disease transmission

Trevett

Carter

Tyrrel

2005

Journal of Water and Health

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The deterioration of drinking water quality following its collection from a community well or standpipe and during storage in the home has been well documented. However, there is a view that post-supply contamination is of little public health consequence. This paper explores the potential health risk from consuming re-contaminated drinking water. A conceptual framework of principal factors that determine the pathogen load in household drinking water is proposed. Using this framework a series of hypotheses are developed in relation to the risk of disease transmission from re-contaminated drinking water and examined in the light of current literature and detailed field observation in rural Honduran communities. It is shown that considerable evidence of disease transmission from re-contaminated drinking water exists. In particular the type of storage container and hand contact with stored drinking water has been associated with increased incidence of diarrhoeal disease. There is also circumstantial evidence linking such factors as the sanitary conditions in the domestic environment, cultural norms and poverty with the pathogen load of household stored drinking water and hence the risk of disease transmission. In conclusion it is found that re-contaminated drinking water represents a significant health risk especially to infants, and also to those with secondary immunodeficiency.

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Cholera Prevention With Traditional and Novel Water Treatment Methods: An Outbreak Investigation in Fort-Dauphin, Madagascar

Cited by 33 publications

References 5 publications

High Mortality in a Cholera Outbreak in Western Kenya after Post-Election Violence in 2008

High Mortality in a Cholera Outbreak in Western Kenya after Post-Election Violence in 2008

Expanding Integrated Vector Management to promote healthy environments

The importance of domestic water quality management in the context of faecal–oral disease transmission

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