Cholera — the new strike of an old foe

Kuna, Anna; Gajewski, Michał

doi:10.5603/imh.2017.0029

Cited by 17 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Abdominal pain and muscle cramps were common and have been reported in the literature; they are linked to ionic disorders and in particular to hypokalemia [5]. Our results agree with the data from the literature that the most frequent clinical manifestations during cholera are diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting and abdominal cramps [8]. The cholera fatality rate during the 2016 Bangui epidemic appears to be higher (2.8%) than the average of 1.3% reported in Africa in 2015 [1].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Cholera During the 2016 Epidemic in Bangui

2019

ARC Journal of Public Health and Community Medicine

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Introduction: Cholera is rampant in the Central African Republic in an epidemic way. The objective of our study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cholera during the 2016 outbreak in Bangui. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective study covering the period from August 1, 2016 to October 31, 2016 at the Epidemic Treatment Center in Bangui. The study included suspected cases and confirmed cases of cholera. An anonymous questionnaire collected socio-demographic, clinical, biological and therapeutic data that was captured and analyzed using Epi Info 7 software. Results: A total of 106 patients were admitted to the Epidemic Scare Centre, 54 of whom were men (50.94%) giving a sex ratio of 1.04. The average age was 22-17 years. Students accounted for 34.43% of the workforce. The most affected neighbourhoods were Bongossoua Island (11.32%), Ouango (11.32%) and Benzvi (6.60%) located respectively in the second, seventh and fifth boroughs of Bangui. Two patients (1.89%) were referred from the site of the displaced from the airport located in the 5th borough. In the Benzvi district of the 5th borough, four members of a household were affected by the disease. Among patients, 20 (20.80%) have shown clinical signs after contact with a case of cholera. The average time to take care was 1.35 to 1.33 days. The main clinical signs were dehydration (100%), diarrhea (96.23%), vomiting (82.08%), thirst (79.25%), asthenia (64.15%), cramps (46.23%) abdominal pain (28.30%). Dehydration was mild moderate and severe in 13.20%, 67.90% and 18.90% of cases respectively. Treatment was based on rehydration and antibiotic therapy. Children under five received zinc supplementation for 10 days in addition to rehydration. The case fatality rate was 2.80%. Conclusion: The emergence and spread of cholera cases in urban areas suggests that hygiene and sanitation measures are still inadequate. Preventive measures must be put in place to prevent or control cholera episodes in the future.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Cholera During the 2016 Epidemic in Bangui

2019

ARC Journal of Public Health and Community Medicine

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“…There is a rise in communicable diseases, such as malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis which results in many deaths that could have been treated or easily prevented [ 12 ]. The already fragile health system was further stressed by a cholera outbreak as well as various types of communicable diseases such as COVID-19 which has resulted in an increasingly difficult work environment and an even heavier work-load for mostly unpaid healthcare personnel [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mind the gap: an analysis of core capacities of the international health regulations (2005) to respond to outbreaks in Yemen

Noman

Dureab

Ahmed³

et al. 2021

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background Yemen that has been devastated by war is facing various challenges to respond to the recent potential outbreaks and other public health emergencies due to lack of proper strategies and regulations, which are essential to public health security. The aim of this study is to assess the implementation of the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) core capacities under the current ongoing conflict in Yemen. Methods The study simulated the World Health Organization (WHO) Joint External Evaluation (JEE) tool to assess the IHR core capacities in Yemen. Qualitative research methods were used, including desk reviews, in-depth interviews with key informants and analysis of the pooled data. Result Based on the assessment of the three main functions of the IHR framework (prevention, detection, and response), Yemen showed a demonstrated or developed capacity to detect outbreaks, but nevertheless limited or no capacity to prevent and respond to outbreaks. Conclusion This study shows that there has been poor implementation of IHR in Yemen. Therefore, urgent interventions are needed to strengthen the implementation of the IHR core capacities in Yemen. The study recommends 1) raising awareness among national and international health staff on the importance of IHR; 2) improving alignment of INGO programs with government health programs and aligning both towards better implementation of the IHR; 3) improving programmatic coordination, planning and implementation among health stakeholders; 4) increasing funding of the global health security agenda at country level; 5) using innovative approaches to analyze and address gaps in the disrupted health system, and; 6) addressing the root cause of the collapse of the health services and overall health system in Yemen by ending the protracted conflict situation.

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“…Our final dataset contained a high number of food/waterborne diseases, with outbreaks of cholera the most frequent. Cholera has a relatively short incubation period compared with other diseases and the potential to spread rapidly, causing large-scale outbreaks ( 20 ). The main approach to clinical diagnosis and surveillance of cholera has been the use of the case definitions ( 21 ) contained in the IDSR guidelines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Timeliness of Outbreak Response in the World Health Organization African Region, 2017–2019

Impouma¹,

Roelens²,

Williams³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Large-scale protracted outbreaks can be prevented through early detection, notification, and rapid control. We assessed trends in timeliness of detecting and responding to outbreaks in the African Region reported to the World Health Organization during 2017–2019. We computed the median time to each outbreak milestone and assessed the rates of change over time using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. We selected 296 outbreaks from 348 public reported health events and evaluated 184 for time to detection, 232 for time to notification, and 201 for time to end. Time to detection and end decreased over time, whereas time to notification increased. Multiple factors can account for these findings, including scaling up support to member states after the World Health Organization established its Health Emergencies Programme and support given to countries from donors and partners to strengthen their core capacities for meeting International Health Regulations.

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Cholera — the new strike of an old foe

Abstract: Cholera is an acute bacterial gastrointestinal infection caused by ingestion of water or

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Cholera During the 2016 Epidemic in Bangui

Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Cholera During the 2016 Epidemic in Bangui

Mind the gap: an analysis of core capacities of the international health regulations (2005) to respond to outbreaks in Yemen

Measuring Timeliness of Outbreak Response in the World Health Organization African Region, 2017–2019

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