Cholesterol Degradation and Production of Extracellular Cholesterol Oxidase fromBacillus pumilusW1 andSerratia marcescensW8

Abstract

Cholesterol is a waxy substance present in all types of the body cells. The presence of higher concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is characterized by abnormal cholesterol level and is associated with cardiovascular diseases which lead to the development of atheroma in arteries known as atherosclerosis. The transformation of cholesterol by bacterial cholesterol oxidase can provide a key solution for the treatment of diseases related to cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives. Previously isolated bacteria from oil-contaminated soil were screened for cholesterol degradation. Among fourteen, five isolates were able to utilize cholesterol. Two strains Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 using cholesterol as only carbon and energy source were selected for degradation studies. Several parameters (incubation time, substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and different metal ions) for cholesterol decomposition by the selected bacterial strains were evaluated. Maximum cholesterol reduction was achieved on the 5th day of incubation, 1g/L of substrate concentration, pH 7, in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, and at 35°C. Cholesterol degradation was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric method, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under optimized conditions 50% and 84% cholesterol reduction were recorded with Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8, respectively. Cholesterol oxidase activity was assayed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results revealed that Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 have great potential for cholesterol degradation and would be regarded as a source for cholesterol oxidase (CHO).

Identification of cholesterol-assimilating actinomycetes strain and application of statistical modeling approaches for improvement of cholesterol oxidase production by Streptomyces anulatus strain NEAE-94

“…The intracellular or extracellular cholesterol oxidase produced by a variety of microorganisms, including Streptomyces natalensis [6] Streptomyces cavourensis [14], Mycobacterium tuberculosis [9], Chromobacterium sp. DS1 [15], Bacillus pumilus W1 and Serratia marcescens W8 [16]. In case of pathogenic bacteria, cholesterol oxidases serve as membrane destroying agents and thus contribute to their pathogenicity as a virulence factor [9].…”

Isolation of the Cholesterol-Assimilating Strain Pediococcus acidilactici LRCC5307 and Production of Low-Cholesterol Butter

“…Studies have shown that cholestenone, which is produced as a metabolite, is safe and can be used to control obesity, treat liver disease, and prevent keratinization of the skin ( Elia et al, 2019 ). Wali et al (2019) isolated Bacillus pumilus W1 and Serratia marcescens W8 from soil contaminated with oil and reported that these strains degrade cholesterol and produce red colonies in M9 medium containing 0.1% cholesterol as the only carbon source.…”

Macrophage global metabolomics identifies cholestenone as host/pathogen cometabolite present in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

“…The literature suggests that cholestenone can be produced by a limited number of microbes that infect humans including Mycobacteria , Rhodococcus, and Nocardia ( 54 ). In addition, we performed a literature review on the top bacterial causes of pulmonary infections and only identified reports of cholesterol oxidase activity by ChoD orthologs in Acinetobacter ( 55 ), Pseudomonas ( 56 – 58 ), and Serratia ( 59 ). However, there are several studies showing that putative cholesterol oxidases of Pseudomonas produce hydroperoxycholestenone (HCEO) rather than cholestenone ( 56 – 58 ).…”