Cholesterol Reduction by Glucomannan and Chitosan Is Mediated by Changes in Cholesterol Absorption and Bile Acid and Fat Excretion in Rats

Gallaher, Cynthia M.; Munion, Jessa; Hesslink, R. L.; Wise, John A.; Gallaher, Daniel D.

doi:10.1093/jn/130.11.2753

Cited by 234 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Chitin binds to lipid (cholesterol) micelles and inhibits their absorption. Another proposed mechanism is increasing the excretion of bile acid by which the amount of fecal fat increases [162]. The hypocholesterolemic effect of chitosan has also been found in humans.…”

Section: Blood Cholesterol Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Chitosan a New Panacea? Areas of Application

Castro¹,

Paulín²

2012

The Complex World of Polysaccharides

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Chitin is a big molecule composed of -beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) monomers. There are three forms of chitin: , , and chitin. The -form, is mainly obtained from crab and shrimp. Both and chitin/chitosan are commercially available [5]. Sources of chitinIn the book "Chitin" published by Muzarelli in 1977, we can find a complete list of organisms that contain chitin: Fungi, Algae, Cnidaria (jellyfish), Aschelminthes (round worm), Entoprocta, Bryozoa (Moss or lace animals, Phoronida (Horseshoe worms), Brachiopoda(Lamp shells), Echiruda, Annelida (Segmented worms), Mollusca, Arthropoda and Ponogophora [6]). Herring, P.J in 1979 wrote that chitin is the main component of arthropod exoskeletons, tendons, and the linings of their respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems, as well as insects external structure and some fungi. It is also found in the reflective material (iridophores) of both epidermis and eyes of arthropods and cephalopods (phylum: Mollusca) and the epidermal cuticle of the vertebrate Paralipophrys trigloides (fish) is also chitinous [7,8]. The main commercial sources of chitin are the shell wastes of shrimp, lobsters, crabs and krill. There are three forms of chitin: , , and chitin. The -form, is composed of alternating antiparallel polysaccharide strands and is mainly obtained from crab and shrimp. -Chitin is by far the most abundant; it occurs in fungal and yeast cell walls, krill, lobster and crab tendons and shells, shrimp shells, and insect cuticle. The rarer -chitin is composed of parallel strands of polysaccharides, is found in association with proteins in squid pens [9,10] and in the tubes synthesized by pogonophoran and vestimetiferan worms [11,12]. It also occurs in aphrodite chaetae [13] as well as in the lorica, built by some seaweeds or protozoa [14,15,16]. And 2 parallel chains alternating with an antiparallel strand constitute gamma chitin and are found in fungi [15].

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Section: Blood Cholesterol Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Chitosan a New Panacea? Areas of Application

Castro¹,

Paulín²

2012

The Complex World of Polysaccharides

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“…This finding led to the use of chitosan as a dietary supplement for weight loss or serum cholesterol reduction. Studies in rats also demonstrated the cholesterol-reducing activity of dietary chitosan (Sugano et al, 1980;Gallaher et al, 2000). However, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study did not find significant differences in body mass index, serum cholesterol or triglycerides in subjects receiving chitosan for four weeks, compared to those receiving placebo (Pittler et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan decreases total cholesterol in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

2003

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Background: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Orally administered chitosan binds lipids in the small intestine and reduces their absorption. Chitosan has been shown to decrease serum cholesterol in animal and human studies. This study investigated the effectiveness of chitosan in reducing serum cholesterol without concomitant diet therapy. Methods: Ninety female volunteers (age 34 -70 y) with confirmed mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia were enrolled into the study. They were randomly assigned to receive chitosan (1.2 g per day) or placebo in a double-blind manner. Serum lipids, body weight and adverse events were assessed at baseline and after 28 and 56 days of treatment. Subjects maintained their usual diet and documented the type and gross amount of food consumed. Results: Eighty-four subjects (41 chitosan, 43 placebo) were included in the analysis. Chitosan significantly (F ¼ 3.19, P ¼ 0.04) reduced total cholesterol compared to placebo. In a subgroup of subjects with over 60 y of age, chitosan group significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol (F ¼ 4.21, P ¼ 0.02, and F ¼ 3.46, P ¼ 0.04, respectively) compared with placebo. Adverse effects were few; no serious events were reported. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that chitosan is safe and effective for lowering cholesterol. However, the effect of chitosan for decreasing cholesterol is mild.

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“…However, chitosan is a useful oral gene carrier because of its adhesive and transport properties in the gut, and has already been available in a pill form as an alternative therapy to reduce dietary fat and cholesterol absorption [32] . Recently, chitosan has been successfully used to deliver a reporter gene (encoding chloram-phenicol acetyl transferase) orally to enterocytes, Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes [33] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfection of mEpo gene to intestinal epitheliumin vivomediated by oral delivery of chitosan-DNA nanoparticles

Chen¹,

Yang²,

Li³

et al. 2004

WJG

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AIM:To prepare the chitosan-pmEpo nanoparticles and to study their ability for transcellular and paracellular transport across intestinal epithelia by oral administration. METHODS:ICR mice were fed with recombinant plasmid AAV-tetO-CMV-mEpo (containing mEpo gene) or pCMVβ (containing LacZ gene), whether it was wrapped by chitosan or no. Its size and shape were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to assess the efficiency of encapsulation and stability against nuclease digestion. Before and after oral treatmant, blood samples were collected by retro-orbital puncture, and hematocrits were used to show the physiological effect of mEpo. RESULTS:Chitosan was able to successfully wrap the plasmid and to protect it from DNase degradation. Transmission electron microscopy showed that freshly prepared particles were approximately 70-150 nm in size and fairly spherical. Three days after fed the chitosan-pCMVβ complex was fed, the mice were killed and most of the stomach and 30% of the small intestine were stained. Hematocrit was not modified in naive and 'naked' mEpo-fed mice, a rapid increase of hematocrit was observed during the first 4 days of treatment in chitosan-mEpo-fed animals, reaching 60.9±1.2% (P<0.01), and sustained for a week. The second feed (6 days after the first feed) was still able to promote a second hematocrit increase in chitosan-mEpo-fed animals, reaching 65.9±1.4% (P<0.01), while the second hematocrit increase did not appear in the 'naked' mEpo-second-fed mice. CONCLUSION:Oral chitosan-DNA nanoparticles can efficiently deliver genes to enterocytes, and may be used as a useful tool for gene transfer.

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Cholesterol Reduction by Glucomannan and Chitosan Is Mediated by Changes in Cholesterol Absorption and Bile Acid and Fat Excretion in Rats

Cited by 234 publications

References 49 publications

Is Chitosan a New Panacea? Areas of Application

Is Chitosan a New Panacea? Areas of Application

Chitosan decreases total cholesterol in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Transfection of mEpo gene to intestinal epitheliumin vivomediated by oral delivery of chitosan-DNA nanoparticles

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