Choline Metabolism in Insects

Bridges, R.G.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2806(08)60275-1

Cited by 38 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…As choline is an important dietary requirement in Diptera (Bridges, 1972), we examined the specificity of the deacylating activities and found that enzyme activity obtained from either saliva or gland homogenates could deacylate phosphatidylcholine. The enzymes showed no pronounced specificity, though phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine were favoured over phosphatidylcholine.…”

Section: Functional Role Ofthe Deacylating Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphatidylinositol-hydrolysing enzymes in blowfly salivary glands

Irvine¹,

Berridge²,

Letcher³

et al. 1982

Biochemical Journal

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The salivary glands of adult blowflies (Calliphora erythrocephala) contain enzymes that hydrolyse phosphatidylinositol, predominantly by a Ca2+-independent deacylation, though a Ca2+-dependent phosphodiesterase (phospholipase C) activity could be detected. The deacylating enzymes could also hydrolyse phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and were secreted in the saliva. Homogenization of salivary glands prelabelled with [3H]inositol resulted in a rapid deacylation of the endogenous 3H-labelled phosphatidylinositol; this hydrolysis was unaffected by addition of 5-hydroxytryptamine to the homogenate.

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Section: Functional Role Ofthe Deacylating Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphatidylinositol-hydrolysing enzymes in blowfly salivary glands

Irvine¹,

Berridge²,

Letcher³

et al. 1982

Biochemical Journal

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“…Larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica, can neither oxidize nor synthesize choline, the only metabolites of choline being acetylcholine and choline-containing intermediates involved in the turnover of phosphatidylcholine (Bridges, 1972). When reared on a synthetic diet which contains no added choline the larvae contain low levels of choline in their lipids which must be derived from the egg and from traces present in one or more components of the diet (Bridges & Price;, Bridges & Ricketts, 1970.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The concentration of choline into specific regions of the thoracic ganglion in B-methylcholine fed houseflies

Howes¹,

Bridges²

1981

J Neurocytol

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When larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica, are reared on a diet in which most of the choline has been replaced by a choline analogue, B-methylcholine, the small amount of choline available to the insect is largely taken up into the nervous system where it is incorporated into phosphatidylcholine and acetylcholine. Using autoradiographic techniques it is shown that, in the thoracic ganglion, the phosphatidylcholine component of this preferentially accumulated choline is not evenly distributed throughout the tissue but that a well-defined pattern of patches of silver grains is found over certain areas of the neuropile. Underlying this pattern are axons and glial processes structurally indistinguishable from the axons and glia of adjacent areas which show a much lighter autoradiographic reaction. It is concluded that the axons which produce this high density of silver graining are cholinergic and have a high affinity for choline.

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“…Unsaturated fatty acids are associated with phospholipids in higher proportions than in the neutral lipids, while the saturated fatty acids are seen in higher percentages in the neutral lipids (triglycerides and diglycerides) in tick salivary glands. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine account for over 70% of total phospholipid in most of the species of insects studied [32,33]. Phosphatidylcholine is the major phospholipid class in tick salivary glands, paralleling the major phospholipids observed in Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera of the Class Insecta, while phosphatidylethanolamine is the main phospholipid of Diptera [32,33].…”

Section: Vlscusslonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine account for over 70% of total phospholipid in most of the species of insects studied [32,33]. Phosphatidylcholine is the major phospholipid class in tick salivary glands, paralleling the major phospholipids observed in Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera of the Class Insecta, while phosphatidylethanolamine is the main phospholipid of Diptera [32,33]. The fatty acid composition of phospholipids in membranes can have a profound effect on the fluidity of the cell membrane [34], which can affect activity of membrane-bound enzymes and receptors, as well as permeability of the membrane to organic molecules.…”

Section: Vlscusslonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of lipids in the salivary glands of Amblyomma americanum (L.): Detection of a high level of arachidonic acid

Shipley

Dillwith

Sauer

et al. 1993

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Analysis of lipids in salivary glands of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, demonstrated that arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) comprises 8% of all fatty acids identified by gas chromatography. The occurrence of arachidonic acid and other C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids in tick salivary glands was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Arachidonate is located entirely in the phospholipid fraction and is associated exclusively with phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Salivary glands stored and frozen for several months had a similar lipid composition as freshly dissected salivary glands, with the exception of a small amount of free arachidonic acid and an increase in lysophosphatidylcholine. Incubation of salivary gland homogenates with snake venom phospholipase A2 showed that most saturated fatty acids are esterified in the sn-1 position of PC and PE, with the unsaturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position. Approximately 75% of arachidonic acid is in the sn-2 position of PC and PE, adding support to the hypothesis that arachidonic acid is released into the cytoplasm after activation of a phospholipase A2 for subsequent metabolism to prostaglandins and/or other eicosanoids.

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Choline Metabolism in Insects

Cited by 38 publications

References 148 publications

Phosphatidylinositol-hydrolysing enzymes in blowfly salivary glands

Phosphatidylinositol-hydrolysing enzymes in blowfly salivary glands

The concentration of choline into specific regions of the thoracic ganglion in B-methylcholine fed houseflies

Analysis of lipids in the salivary glands of Amblyomma americanum (L.): Detection of a high level of arachidonic acid

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