Cholinergic neurons and terminal fields revealed by immunohistochemistry for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. II. The peripheral nervous system

Schäfer, Martin; Eiden, Lee E.; Weihe, Eberhard

doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)80196-0

Cited by 163 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Further evidence for the absence of any vagal or parasympathetic input to the spleen was subsequently published in Brain Behavior and Immunity by (Bellinger et al, 1993) who demonstrated the absence of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the spleen, which is a more specific marker of cholinergic nerve fibers than AChE. Similarly, immunohistochemical studies for vesicular acetylcholine transporter, a highly specific marker for cholinergic neurons and fibers, indicated their complete absence in lymphoid tissue (Schafer et al, 1998). Finally, a transneuronal study of the innervation of the spleen with PRV has verfied this conclusion (Cano et al, 2001) and demonstrated that sympathetic preganglionic neurons that innervate the spleen arise from the T1-T12 region of the thoracic spinal cord.…”

Section: Innervation Of the Spleenmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Based upon the limited data available, it is possible that regional lymph nodes receive an afferent neural input from dorsal root ganglia. To date, there is no neuroanatomical evidence for a parasympathetic input to lymph nodes, and the failure to identify vesicular acetylcholine transporter labeled fibers in lymphoid tissue (Schafer et al, 1998) further supports this conclusion.…”

Section: Innervation Of Lymph Nodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), was reviewed in the discussions above. Also, the absence of vesicular acetylcholine transporter positive fibers in lymphoid organs (Schafer et al, 1998) indicate that there is no known parasympathetic input to the immune system. Other studies by Tracey have focused on the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a primary mediator of the anti-inflammatory signal conveyed by the efferent vagus nerve (Wang et al, 2003).…”

Section: Role Of the Vagus Nerve And Parasympathetic Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987–2007)

Nance¹,

Sanders²

2007

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

752

580

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Since 1987, only a few neuroanatomical studies have been conducted to identify the origin of innervation for the immune system. These studies demonstrated that all primary and secondary immune organs receive a substantial sympathetic innervation from sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Neither the thymus nor spleen receive any sensory neural innervation; however, there is evidence that lymph nodes and bone marrow may be innervated by sensory neurons located in dorsal root ganglia. There is no neuroanatomical evidence for a parasympathetic or vagal nerve supply to any immune organ. Thus, the primary pathway for the neural regulation of immune function is provided by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and its main neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE). Activation of the SNS primarily inhibits the activity of cells associated with the innate immune system, while it either enhances or inhibits the activity of cells associated with the acquired/adaptive immune system. Innate immune cells express both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes, while T and B lymphocytes express adrenergic receptors of the beta2 subtype exclusively, except for murine Th2 cells that lack expression of any subtype. Via these adrenergic receptors, NE is able to regulate the level of immune cell activity by initiating a change in the level of cellular activity, which often involves a change in the level of gene expression for cytokines and antibodies.

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Section: Innervation Of the Spleenmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Innervation Of Lymph Nodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of the Vagus Nerve And Parasympathetic Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987–2007)

Nance¹,

Sanders²

2007

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

752

580

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“…Cholinergic marker has been documented in the STG of the sow (Panu et al, 2001;Ragionieri et al, 2008), cat (Lindh et al, 1989), rat (Morales et al, 1995;Schafer et al, 1997Schafer et al, , 1998, guinea-pig (Elfvin et al, 1993) and man (Jarvi et al, 1989;Masliukov and Timmermans, 2004). The principal function of cholinergic innervation in the uro-genital system is the presynaptic inhibition of the adrenergic excitatory neurotransmission (Sj€ ostrand, 1965;Sann et al, 1995;Anderson et al, 1997;Saenz de Tejada et al, 2000).…”

Section: Vacht-immunoreactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensory and Autonomic Neurons Project Both to the Smooth Retractor Penis and to the Striated Bulbospongiosus Muscles. Neurochemical Features of the Sympathetic Subset

Botti

Gazza

Ragionieri

et al. 2012

The Anatomical Record

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Aim of the present study was to verify, by means of double retrograde neuronal tracers technique, the hypothesis that a subpopulation of sensory and autonomic neurons send collateral axons to both smooth and striated genital muscles. We also wanted to define the neurochemical content of the eventually retrogradelly double labeled (RDL) neurons in the sympathetic trunk ganglia (STG). We used six intact pigs and we injected the tracer Diamidino Yellow (DY) in the smooth left retractor penis muscle (RPM) and the tracer Fast Blue (FB) in the striated left bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM). Rare (2 6 0.6) RDL neurons were found in the ipsilateral S2 spinal ganglion (SG), 220 6 42 in the ipsilateral STGs, from L3 to S3, 19 6 15 in the contralateral S1-S2 ones and 22 6 5 in the bilateral caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMG). The RDL neurons of the STG were IR for TH (85 6 13%), DbH (69 6 17%), NPY (69 6 23%), nNOS (60 6 11%), LENK (54 6 19%), VIP (53626%), SOM (40 6 8%), CGRP (34 6 12%), SP (31 6 16%), and VAChT (28 6 3%). Our research highlights the presence of sensory and sympathetic neurons with qualitatively different neurochemical content sending axons both to the smooth RPM and to the striated BSM of the pig. These RDL neurons are likely to project to the smooth vasal musculature to create the ideal physiological conditions in which these muscles can optimize the erectile function.

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“…Neurons in the rat, monkey and ferret MGn have been found to exhibit tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-, nNOS-, VIP-, NPY-, ENK-, and SP-immunoreactivity (Shida et al 1991;Alm et al 1997;Takai et al 1999). Interestingly, only a very limited amount of information is available on the expression of cholinergic markers in these parasympathetic nerve cells (Schafer et al 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical characterisation of neurons in the mandibular ganglion and nerve fibres supplying the porcine mandibular gland

Klimczuk¹,

Podlasz²,

Sienkiewicz³

et al. 2016

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The present study was designed to investigate the chemical coding of neurons in the mandibular ganglion (MGn) and nerve fibres supplying the porcine mandibular gland (MGl) with the use of immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. The cryostat sections from MGn and MGl were processed for double-labelling immunohistochemistry using antisera against vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin (GAL), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The MGl was found to be richly supplied by VAChT-positive nerve fibres that surrounded intra-and interlobular salivary ducts. A large number of VAChT-immunoreactive (VAChT-IR) nerve terminals were also observed around acini. Many periductal and periacinar nerve fibres stained positive for DβH. Immunoreactivity to GAL, NPY or VIP was observed in an intermediate number of nerve terminals which were associated with both salivary ducts and acini. Double-immunostaining revealed that in MGn nearly all neurons stained positive for VAChT/ChAT (98.45 ± 0.59%, mean ± SEM) and nNOS (99.71 ± 0.18%). An intermediate number of the nerve cell bodies displayed immunoreactivity to NPY or VIP (18.67 ± 0.52% and 8.11 ± 0.36%, respectively). Single GAL-IR and CGRP-positive neurons were also observed. RT-PCR revealed the presence of transcripts of ChAT, VAChT, nNOS, NPY, VIP and GAL. For SP and DβH very weak signals were observed. RT-PCR with primers targeting CGRP did not generate any PCR product.

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Cholinergic neurons and terminal fields revealed by immunohistochemistry for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. II. The peripheral nervous system

Cited by 163 publications

References 24 publications

Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987–2007)

Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987–2007)

Sensory and Autonomic Neurons Project Both to the Smooth Retractor Penis and to the Striated Bulbospongiosus Muscles. Neurochemical Features of the Sympathetic Subset

Immunohistochemical characterisation of neurons in the mandibular ganglion and nerve fibres supplying the porcine mandibular gland

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