Cholinergic Pesticides

Falugi, Carla; Rakonczay, Zoltán; Thielecke, Hagen; Guida, Chiara; Grazia, Maria

doi:10.5772/13731

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 39 publications

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“…In fact, the nanoparticles effect is due to their physical features (shape, size, degree of suspension, etc. ), while the effect of chemicals such as OPs or their oxonized derivatives is due to irreversible chemical link between the phosphate group and the serine molecule in the catalytic site of the AChE molecule [51, 55–57]. Also the inhibition of the cholinergic system exerted by the Ag nanoparticles could be due to nonspecific steric competition at the level of the gorge, due to the mechanical accumulation that in some cases might act as a plug..…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nanosilver Exposure on Cholinesterase Activities, CD41, and CDF/LIF-Like Expression in ZebraFish (Danio rerio) Larvae

Myrzakhanova

Gambardella

Falugi

et al. 2013

BioMed Research International

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Metal nanosolicoparticles are suspected to cause diseases in a number of organisms, including man. In this paper, we report the effects of nanosilver (Ag, 1–20 nm particles) on the early development of the zebrafish, a well-established vertebrate model. Embryos at the midgastrula stage were exposed to concentrations ranging from 100 to 0.001 mg/L to verify the effects on different endpoints: lethality, morphology, expression of cholinergic molecules, and development of the immune system. (1) Relative risk of mortality was exponential in the range between 0.001 and 10 mg/L. Exposure to 100 mg/L caused 100% death of embryos before reaching the tail-bud stage. (2) Developmental anomalies were present in the 72 h larvae obtained from embryos exposed to nanosilver: whole body length, decreased eye dimension, and slow response to solicitation by gentle touch with a needle tip, with a significant threshold at 0.1 mg/L. (3) Dose-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity was significant among the exposures, except between 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L. (4) The distribution of CD41+ cells and of CDF/LIF-like immunoreactivity was altered according to the Ag concentration. The possible effect of nanosilver in impairing immune system differentiation through the inhibition of molecules related to the cholinergic system is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nanosilver Exposure on Cholinesterase Activities, CD41, and CDF/LIF-Like Expression in ZebraFish (Danio rerio) Larvae

Myrzakhanova

Gambardella

Falugi

et al. 2013

BioMed Research International

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Spatiotemporal role of muscarinic signaling in early chick development: exposure to cholinomimetic agents by a mathematical model

2022

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Awareness is growing that, besides several neurotoxic effects, cholinomimetic drugs able to interfere the cholinergic neurotransmitter system may exert a teratogen effect in developing embryos of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Cholinomimetic substances exert their toxic activity on organisms as they inhibit the functionality of the cholinergic system by completely or partially replacing the ACh molecule both at the level of the AChE active site and at the level of acetylcholine receptors. In this work, we focused the attention on the effects of muscarinic antagonist (atropine) and agonist (carbachol) drugs during the early development and ontogenesis of chick embryos. An unsteady-state mathematical model of the drug release and fate was developed, to synchronize exposure to a gradient of drug concentrations with the different developmental events. Since concentration measures in time and space cannot be taken without damaging the embryo itself, the diffusion model was the only way to establish at each time-step the exact concentration of drug at the different points of the embryo body (considered two-dimensional up to the 50 h stage). This concentration depends on the distance and position of the embryo with respect to the releasing source. The exposure to carbachol generally enhanced dimensions and stages of the embryos, while atropine mainly caused delay in development and small size of the embryos. Both the drugs were able to cause developmental anomalies, depending on the moment of development, in a time- and dose-dependent way, regardless the expression of genes driving each event. Graphical abstract Early chick embryos were exposed to muscarinic drugs in a spatial-temporal context. Effects were stage-(time) dependent, according to distance and position of the source. Atropine inhibited growth, mainly interfering with the cephalic process formation and heart differentiation; carbachol increased growth reducing differentiation. Interferences may be exerted by alteration of calcium responses to naturally occurring morphogen-driven mechanisms.

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Cholinergic Pesticides

Cited by 2 publications

References 39 publications

Effects of Nanosilver Exposure on Cholinesterase Activities, CD41, and CDF/LIF-Like Expression in ZebraFish (Danio rerio) Larvae

Effects of Nanosilver Exposure on Cholinesterase Activities, CD41, and CDF/LIF-Like Expression in ZebraFish (Danio rerio) Larvae

Spatiotemporal role of muscarinic signaling in early chick development: exposure to cholinomimetic agents by a mathematical model

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