Cholinergic regulation of neocortical spindling in DBA/2 mice

Ryan, Lawrence J.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(85)90097-4

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Pharmacological evidence suggests that cholinergic mechanisms are involved in wakefulness and cortical activation [13,21], which is consistent with our observations of increases in SWS, but not REMS, during the active (dark) period after blockade of muscarinic action with intraperitoneal scopolamine in normal rats without EAc stimuli. This result is consistent with other observations that intraperitoneal atropine decreases REMS and increases SWS in humans [33] and that intraperitoneal atropine reduces arousal and provokes SWS in mice [35]. The action target for these nonselective muscarinic antagonists could be the basal forebrain, because lesions of the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain produce alterations in EEG activity and loss of vigilance that are similar to those seen after atropine administration [24,38].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Effects of Electroacupuncture at ‘Anmian (Extra)’ Acupoints on Sleep Activities in Rats: The Implication of the Caud al Nucleus tractus solitarius

Yi¹,

Tsai²,

Lin³

et al. 2004

J Biomed Sci

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Electroacupuncture (EAc) possesses a broad therapeutic effect, including improvement of sleep disturbances. The mechanism of sleep improvement with EAc, however, is still unclear. The present study investigated the effects of EAc stimulation of ‘Anmian (extra)’ acupoints on sleep organization and the implication of an active structure, the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Rats were implanted with electroencephalogram (EEG) recording electrodes, and 32-gauge acupuncture needles were bilaterally inserted into ‘Anmian (extra)’ acupoints in the rats, followed by electrical stimulation for 20 min. Twenty-three-hour continuous EEGs were then recorded. Results showed that rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) was enhanced during the dark period when a single EAc stimulation was given 25 min prior to the onset of the dark period. REMS and slow-wave sleep (SWS) increased during the dark period after administration of EAc stimuli on 2 consecutive days. Electrical stimulation of non-acupoints produced no change in the sleep pattern. Pharmacological blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptors by systemic administration of scopolamine dose-dependently attenuated EAc-induced changes in REMS and SWS. Furthermore, electrical lesions in the bilateral caudal NTS produced significant blockade of EAc-induced sleep enhancement. However, in rats without EAc, scopolamine increased SWS during the dark period, but caudal NTS lesions did not alter sleep. In addition, neither EAc nor scopolamine with EAc manipulation produced any change in the slow-wave activity (SWA) during SWS; however, the SWA during SWS was significantly reduced after caudal NTS lesion with EAc. These results suggest that the caudal NTS may be involved in the regulation of EAc-induced sleep alterations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Effects of Electroacupuncture at ‘Anmian (Extra)’ Acupoints on Sleep Activities in Rats: The Implication of the Caud al Nucleus tractus solitarius

Yi¹,

Tsai²,

Lin³

et al. 2004

J Biomed Sci

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“…The NTS is located in the dorsomedial medulla oblongata. Ascending projections from the NTS are traced through the lateral and dorsal tegmentum and periventricular gray up to the rostral pons and midbrain and terminate in the parabrachial nucleus, which in turn projects to the thalamus, hypothalamus, preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, and the frontal cortex, regions commonly belonging to the visceral-limbic forebrain [12, 13]. From these anatomical data, it does not appear that the predominant effect of the NTS is via the reticular-activating system but instead is via limbic forebrain structures, which are implicated in the sleep regulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kappa-Opioid Receptors in the Caudal Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Mediate 100 Hz Electroacupuncture-Induced Sleep Activities in Rats

Cheng

Chang

et al. 2012

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Previous results demonstrated that 10 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) of Anmian acupoints in rats during the dark period enhances slow wave sleep (SWS), which involves the induction of cholinergic activity in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and subsequent activation of opioidergic neurons and μ-receptors. Studies have shown that different kinds of endogenous opiate peptides and receptors may mediate the consequences of EA with different frequencies. Herein, we further elucidated that high-frequency (100 Hz)-EA of Anmian enhanced SWS during the dark period but exhibited no direct effect on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. High-frequency EA-induced SWS enhancement was dose-dependently blocked by microinjection of naloxone or κ-receptor antagonist (nor-binaltorphimine) into the caudal NTS, but was affected neither by μ- (naloxonazine) nor δ-receptor antagonists (natatrindole), suggesting the role of NTS κ-receptors in the high-frequency EA-induced SWS enhancement. Current and previous results depict the opioid mechanisms of EA-induced sleep.

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“…The caudal nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) may be activated by acupuncture, since NTS is located in the dorsomedial medulla oblongata and receives afferents primarily from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves [11]. Ascending projections from the NTS are traced through the lateral and dorsal tegmentum and periventricular gray up to the rostral pons and midbrain, and terminate in the parabrachial nucleus, which in turn projects to the thalamus, hypothalamus, preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala and the frontal cortex, regions commonly belonging to the visceral-limbic forebrain [12, 13]. From these anatomical data, it does not appear that the predominant effect of the NTS is via the reticular activating system but instead is via limbic forebrain structures, which are implicated in the sleep regulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Opiates in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Mediate Electroacupuncture‐Induced Sleep Activities in Rats

Cheng

Lin

et al. 2011

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Electroacupuncture (EA) possesses various therapeutic effects, including alleviation of pain, reduction of inflammation and improvement of sleep disturbance. The mechanisms of EA on sleep improvement, however, remain to be determined. It has been stated in ancient Chinese literature that the Anmian (EX17) acupoint is one of the trigger points that alleviates insomnia. We previously demonstrated that EA stimulation of Anmian acupoints in rats during the dark period enhances non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which involves the induction of cholinergic activity in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). In addition to cholinergic activation of the NTS, activation of the endogenous opioidergic system may also be a mechanism by which acupuncture affects sleep. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the involvement of the NTS opioidergic system in EA-induced alterations in sleep. Our present results indicate that EA of Anmian acupoints increased NREM sleep, but not rapid eye movement sleep, during the dark period in rats. This enhancement in NREM sleep was dose-dependently blocked by microinjection of opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, and the μ-opioid receptor antagonist, naloxonazine, into the NTS; administrations of δ-receptor antagonist, natrindole, and the κ-receptor antagonist, nor-binaltrophimine, however, did not affect EA-induced alterations in sleep. Furthermore, β-endorphin was significantly increased in both the brainstem and hippocampus after the EA stimuli, an effect blocked by administration of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine into the NTS. Our findings suggest that mechanisms of EA-induced NREM sleep enhancement may be mediated, in part, by cholinergic activation, stimulation of the opiodergic neurons to increase the concentrations of β-endorphin and the involvement of the μ-opioid receptors.

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Cholinergic regulation of neocortical spindling in DBA/2 mice

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Effects of Electroacupuncture at ‘Anmian (Extra)’ Acupoints on Sleep Activities in Rats: The Implication of the Caud al Nucleus tractus solitarius

Effects of Electroacupuncture at ‘Anmian (Extra)’ Acupoints on Sleep Activities in Rats: The Implication of the Caud al Nucleus tractus solitarius

Kappa-Opioid Receptors in the Caudal Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Mediate 100 Hz Electroacupuncture-Induced Sleep Activities in Rats

Endogenous Opiates in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Mediate Electroacupuncture‐Induced Sleep Activities in Rats

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Cholinergic regulation of neocortical spindling in DBA/2 mice

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Effects of Electroacupuncture at &lsquo;Anmian (Extra)&rsquo; Acupoints on Sleep Activities in Rats: The Implication of the Caud al Nucleus tractus solitarius

Effects of Electroacupuncture at &lsquo;Anmian (Extra)&rsquo; Acupoints on Sleep Activities in Rats: The Implication of the Caud al Nucleus tractus solitarius

Kappa-Opioid Receptors in the Caudal Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Mediate 100 Hz Electroacupuncture-Induced Sleep Activities in Rats

Endogenous Opiates in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Mediate Electroacupuncture‐Induced Sleep Activities in Rats

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Effects of Electroacupuncture at ‘Anmian (Extra)’ Acupoints on Sleep Activities in Rats: The Implication of the Caud al Nucleus tractus solitarius

Effects of Electroacupuncture at ‘Anmian (Extra)’ Acupoints on Sleep Activities in Rats: The Implication of the Caud al Nucleus tractus solitarius