Cholinergics

Cannon, Joseph G.

doi:10.1002/0471266949.bmc094

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 245 publications

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“…Acetylcholine is the primary mediator in processes related to memory, thinking, counting, and attention. The important representatives of this group include acetyl-L-carnitine, which is a source of acetylcholine precursors, acetyl, choline, lecithin, and pyrrolidine derivatives [156,157]. These substances are classified as cognitive substances that primarily affect cholinergic transmission in the brain rather than nootropics [158], so only their well-known representative, phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), is described in more detail.…”

Section: Cholinergicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs

Malík

Tlustos

2022

Nutrients

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Nootropics, also known as “smart drugs” are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the potential effectiveness and importance of nootropics. Based on their nature and their effects, this heterogeneous group of drugs has been divided into four subgroups: classical nootropic compounds, substances increasing brain metabolism, cholinergic, and plants and their extracts with nootropic effects. Each subgroup of nootropics contains several main representatives, and for each one, its uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosage, and possible side effects and contraindications are discussed. For the nootropic plant extracts, there is also a brief description of each plant representative, its occurrence, history, and chemical composition of the medicinal part. Lastly, specific recommendations regarding the use of nootropics by both ill and healthy individuals are summarized.

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Section: Cholinergicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs

Malík

Tlustos

2022

Nutrients

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Cholinergics/Anticholinergics/Muscarinics/Nicotinics

Griffith

2010

Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery

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This chapter quickly summarizes the cholinergic nervous system and the structures of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. The structure–activity relationships of muscarinic agonists and antagonists are discussed with reference to attempts to develop of drugs selective for one of the five muscarinic receptors, both agonist and antagonists. The structure–activity relationships of agonists and antagonists of nicotinic receptors are presented with initial concentration on the neuronal nicotinic receptors and ending with neuromuscular blockers used in surgery.

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Cholinergics/Anticholinergics

Griffith¹,

Dukat²

2021

Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery

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This article covers classes of drugs and chemicals that act directly on muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors as agonists, antagonist, or allosteric modulators, together with an overview of the structures of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. A brief history of the use of the small molecules muscarine, nicotine, and atropine to differentiate nicotinic and muscarinic receptors both of which respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This followed by discussion of the physical nature of the muscarinic G‐protein‐coupled‐receptor and the ligand‐gated‐ion‐channel nicotinic receptor. The structure–activity relationships of muscarinic agonists and antagonists are discussed with reference to attempts to develop of drugs selective for one of the five muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic antagonists are employed to treat disease states such as asthma, COPD, and overactive bladder. Muscarinic agonists have potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The structure–activity relationships of agonists and antagonists of nicotinic receptors are presented. Nicotinic agonists have been employed to assist in smoking cessation and have potential in treating Alzheimer's disease. Nicotinic antagonists have primarily been employed as neuromuscular blockers in surgery. The use of both positive and negative allosteric modulators of both muscarinic and nicotinic are discussed.

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Cholinergics

Cited by 5 publications

References 245 publications

Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs

Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs

Cholinergics/Anticholinergics/Muscarinics/Nicotinics

Cholinergics/Anticholinergics

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