Chondriokinesis during microsporogenesis in plants

Abstract

Main conclusion Chondriokinesis represents a highly orchestrated process of organelle rearrangement in all dividing plant and animal cells, ensuring a proper course of karyokinesis and cytokinesis. This process plays a key role in male gametophyte formation. Chondriokinesis is a regular rearrangement of cell organelles, assuring their regular inheritance, during both mitotic and meiotic divisions in plant and animal cells. The universal occurrence of the process implies its high conservatism and its probable origin at an early stage of plant evolution. The role of chondriokinesis is not only limited to segregation of cell organelles into daughter cells, but also prevention of fusion of karyokinetic spindles and delineation of the cell division plane. Thus, chondriokinesis plays an indispensable role in mitosis and meiosis as one of the various factors in harmonised cell division, being a key process in the formation of viable cells. Therefore, disturbances in this process often result in development of abnormal daughter cells. This has far-reaching consequences for the meiotic division, as emergence of abnormal generative cells impedes sexual reproduction in plants. This review is focused on microsporogenesis, because various plants exhibit a problem with sexual reproduction caused by male sterility. In this paper for the first time in almost 100 years, it is presented a compilation of data on chondriokinesis proceeding during microsporogenesis in plants, and providing view of the role, mechanism, and classification of this process in male gametophyte formation.

Lignins: Biosynthesis and Biological Functions in Plants

“…Ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) is one of key enzymes that regulate S/G lignin composition in plants, recent study has shown that the heterologous expression of angiosperm F5H induced ectopic productions of S lignin in the gymnosperm cell walls [ 31 ]. In rice, overexpression of a F5H gene OsCAld5H1 increased the content of S units, while down-regulation of it enhanced the production of G lignin [ 32 ]. Recently, caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) was reported to be involved in lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana , Medicago truncatula and hybrid poplar [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Distribution of plastids and mitochondria during male gametophyte formation in Tinantia erecta (Jacq.) Fenzl

“…The basic role of chondriokinesis during meiosis is to ensure an even distribution of organelles between the tetrad microspores (Senjaninova 1927 ; Geneves 1967 ; Wolniak 1976 ; Dupuis 1978 ; Brown and Lemmon 1982 ; Tchórzewska 2017 ), which guarantees formation of identical, metabolically active microspores. It is believed that this process occurs with the same precision as the separation of chromosomes during karyokinesis (Geneves 1967 , 1971 ).…”

“…After the formation, the organelles are evenly dispersed in the cytoplasm of both dyad cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a close relationship between the type of chondriokinesis and the type of cytokinesis in meiosis during microsporogenesis (Bednara et al 1986 ; Tchórzewska 2017 ).…”

“…Another function that can be attributed to chondriokinesis is related to the role of cellular organelles in determining the polarization of myocytes. An additional role of chondriokinesis is to establish the relationship between plastids and the organization of the tubulin cytoskeleton in a plant cell (Tchórzewska 2017 ).…”

“…The criterion that determined the classification of the chondriokinesis type was the position of organelles in two meiotic phases: metaphase I and telophase I. Currently, the process of chondriokinesis in plants has been supplemented and verified by Tchórzewska ( 2017 ).…”