Chondrocranium and cranial muscle morphology in Lysapsus and Pseudis tadpoles (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)

Abstract

The chondrocranium and cranial muscles of Lysapsus limellum, Pseudis cardosoi, P. minuta and four subspecies of P. paradoxa (caribensis, occidentalis, paradoxa and platensis) are described. Lysapsus and Pseudis are related to the Hylidae by: (1) vertical processus anterolateralis of the larval crista parotica, and (2) presence of m. mandibulolabialis inferior and superior (the latter reversed in P. cardosoi). We confirm some larval synapomorphies previously proposed for the pseudids, except the m. subarcualis obliquus II having one head and the absence of copula anterior. We add three new features for the pseudids: (1) the distal end of ceratobranchiales III and IV projects towards either the capsula auditiva (Lysapsus) or the processus basicapsularis – new term – (Pseudis); (2) the arcus subocularis is twice as wide at the level of the processus ascendens as it is just posterior to the processus muscularis quadrati, and (3) the lateral corner of the processus articularis quadrati largely projects laterally. We diagnose Lysapsus larvae (the states of Pseudis in parentheses) as follows: (1) short processus pseudopterygoideus (long), (2) absence of lateral development of larval crista parotica (presence), (3) absence of commissura proximalis II (presence), (4) presence of processus lateralis hyalis – new term – (absence), (5) absence of processus basicapsularis (presence), (6) processus ascendens slightly curved along its entire extent (curved at the union with the basi cranii only), and (7) absence of m. tympanopharyngeus (presence).

Heterochrony during skeletal development of Pseudis platensis (anura, hylidae) and the early offset of skeleton development and growth

“…1C). The hyobranchial skeletal features described by Alcalde and Barg (2006) do not change after metamorphosis begins ( Fig. 2A).…”

“…At the time of the emergence of forelimbs, the erosion of the partes corpores of suprarostral cartilage progresses, the paranasal commissure extends between the oblique cartilage and the postnasal Alcalde and Barg, 2006). B: Stage 36.…”

“…With the loss of the latter two structures, the palatoquadrate loses its posterior attachment to the cranium. The attachment of the commissure quad- Alcalde and Barg, 2006). B: Disto-proximal erosion of the cartilages of the branchial basket at the beginning of metamorphosis.…”

“…The larval cranial skeleton and hyobranchial apparatus of P. platensis have been described by Alcalde and Barg (2006) in a revision of morphological features of Pseudis spp. tadpoles.…”

“…The larval cartilaginous skull is completely formed. The braincase is closed by lateral cartilages, and dorsal (tectum nasi, tectum parietal) structures (see description in Alcalde and Barg, 2006). C: Stage 40.…”