Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods

Awofiranye, Adeola E.; Hudson, Jon; Tithi, Aditi Dey; Linhardt, Robert J.; Vongsangnak, Wanwipa; Koffas, Mattheos

doi:10.3390/fermentation8070323

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) and C6S are intensely present in the human body. [40] A study found that C4S and C6S showed a broader neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxideinduced oxidative stress than other CS varieties. [41] In another study, it was reported that C4S has higher antioxidant activity than C6S.…”

Section: Results Of Ccs Antibacterial Activity-broth Microdilution Me...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antibacterial Activity of Microbial Chondroitin Sulfate and Commercial Chondroitin Sulfate

Unver,

Erenler,

Bingul

et al. 2023

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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Chondroitin synthesis was performed using the recombinant Escherichia coli (C2987) strain created by transforming the plasmid pETM6‐PACF‐vgb, which carries the genes responsible for chondroitin synthesis, kfoA, kfoC, kfoF, and the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb). Then, Microbial chondroitin sulfate (MCS)'s antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antibacterial activity were compared with commercial chondroitin sulfate (CCS). The antioxidant studies revealed that the MCS and CCS samples could be potential targets for scavenging radicals and cupric ion reduction. MCS demonstrated better antioxidant properties in the ABTS assay with the IC50 value of 0.66 mg than CCS. MCS showed 2.5‐fold for DPPH and almost 5‐fold for ABTS•+ (with a value of 3.85 mg/mL) better activity than the CCS. However, the compounds were not active for cholinesterase enzyme inhibitions. In the antibacterial assay, the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of MCS against S. aureus, E. aerogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae (0.12, 0.18, 0.12, 0.18, and 0.18 g/mL, respectively) were found to be greater than that of CCS (0.42, 0.48, 0.36, 0.36, and 0.36 g/mL, respectively). This study demonstrates that MCS is a potent pharmacological agent due to its physicochemical properties, and its usability as a therapeutic‐preventive agent will shed light on future studies.

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Section: Results Of Ccs Antibacterial Activity-broth Microdilution Me...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antibacterial Activity of Microbial Chondroitin Sulfate and Commercial Chondroitin Sulfate

Unver,

Erenler,

Bingul

et al. 2023

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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“…Chondroitin sulphate is a predominant glycosaminoglycan made up of alternating glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharide units [ 24 ]. It is an important structural component of the extracellular matrix network in bone and cartilage, incorporating fibronectin and growth factors to facilitate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation.…”

Section: The Enhancement Of Cpc Using Synthetic Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Osteogenic Properties of Calcium Phosphate Cement Doped with Synthetic Materials: A Structured Narrative Review of Preclinical Evidence

Dali

Wong

Chin

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Bone grafting is commonly used as a treatment to repair bone defects. However, its use is challenged by the presence of medical conditions that weaken the bone, like osteoporosis. Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is used to restore bone defects, and it is commonly available as a bioabsorbable cement paste. However, its use in clinical settings is limited by inadequate mechanical strength, inferior anti-washout characteristics, and poor osteogenic activity. There have been attempts to overcome these shortcomings by adding various natural or synthetic materials as enhancers to CPC. This review summarises the current evidence on the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of CPC after doping with synthetic materials. The incorporation of CPC with polymers, biomimetic materials, chemical elements/compounds, and combination with two or more synthetic materials showed improvement in biocompatibility, bioactivity, anti-washout properties, and mechanical strength. However, the mechanical property of CPC doped with trimethyl chitosan or strontium was decreased. In conclusion, doping of synthetic materials enhances the osteogenic features of pure CPC. The positive findings from in vitro and in vivo studies await further validation on the efficacy of these reinforced CPC composites in clinical settings.

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“…Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated linear polysaccharide mainly composed of a disaccharide unit consisting of [→4)- β- D-GlcA – (1 → 3)- β- D-GalNAc – (1→], and is widely distributed in tissues, including the cartilage, umbilical cord, and vascular wall of humans and certain animals, such as pigs, cows, sheep, and fish ( 13 ). CS has a range of vital biological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and immunomodulatory activities, and is listed as a leading therapeutic drug for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and joint diseases ( 14–17 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervention effects of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate from the nasal cartilage of yellow cattle on lipopolysaccharide-induced behavioral disorders: regulation of the microbiome-gut-brain axis

Deng,

Li,

Song

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated linear polysaccharide with different functional activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and immune regulation. As natural sulfated polysaccharides have high molecular weight, high apparent viscosity, low water solubility, complex structure, and high negative charge, they have difficulty binding to receptors within cells across tissue barriers, resulting in low bioavailability and unclear structure–activity relationships. In this study, an H2O2-Vc oxidative degradation system was employed to perform environmentally friendly and controllable degradation of CS extracted from the nasal cartilage of Shaanxi Yellow cattle. Two low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfates (LMWCSs), CS-1 (14.8 kDa) and CS-2 (50.9 kDa), that exhibit strong in vitro free radical scavenging ability were obtained, and their structures were characterized. Mice intraperitoneally administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to explore the cognitive intervention effects of LMWCS. Supplementing CS-1 and CS-2 significantly downregulated the levels of the serum inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-1β, promoted the expression of GSH in the brain, and inhibited the production of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA), ultimately inhibiting LPS-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Surprisingly, compared to the LPS model group, the abundances of Streptococcus, Eisenbergiella, Vampirovibrio, Coprococcus, Enterococcus and Lachnoanaerobaculum were significantly increased in the intestines of mice in the CS-1 and CS-2 group, whereas those of Parabacteroides and Mycoplasma were significantly decreased. Altogether, this study provides a theoretical basis for the comprehensive utilization of agricultural and animal resources and the application of brain nutrition, anti-inflammatory, and LMWCS health products.

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Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Derivatives: A Review of Microbial and Other Production Methods

Cited by 13 publications

References 71 publications

Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antibacterial Activity of Microbial Chondroitin Sulfate and Commercial Chondroitin Sulfate

Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antibacterial Activity of Microbial Chondroitin Sulfate and Commercial Chondroitin Sulfate

The Osteogenic Properties of Calcium Phosphate Cement Doped with Synthetic Materials: A Structured Narrative Review of Preclinical Evidence

Intervention effects of low-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate from the nasal cartilage of yellow cattle on lipopolysaccharide-induced behavioral disorders: regulation of the microbiome-gut-brain axis

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