“…Besides individual-level voter preferences or characteristics, scholars also identified village-level measures relevant to voter turnout of democratic bottom-up participation (Lu, 2012; Shi, 1999b; Su et al, 2011; Tzeng and Wang, 2017; Zheng and Gu, 2021). Using a nationwide survey in 1993, Shi, (1999b) found that village-level economic wealth was associated with a high likelihood of voting, with a diminishing rate ofreturn.…”