Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861-1890

Anderson, James D.; Richardson, Joe M.

doi:10.2307/1904112

Cited by 9 publications

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“…6 Interestingly,AMA efforts often were carried out in "alliance" with public school officials and local black citizens-a combination of interests and resources that would prove effective a generation later. The AMA's advocacy of racial equality and social and political rights for black Southerners won them few friends (and often met with violent white resistance), particularly after federal troops withdrewat the end of Reconstruction (Richardson 1986). lish state-supported systems of schools to serve both whites and blacks, but throughout the late nineteenth century, public schooling remained inadequate for both races due to near-bankruptcy of the state and white elite opposition to universal education for anyone.…”

Section: The Historical Context In North Carolina and Alabamamentioning

confidence: 99%

Leveraging the State: Private Money and the Development of Public Education for Blacks

et al. 2000

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This study analyses African Americans’ success in getting the state to improve access to a basic social right—the right to a public education—in the late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century South. During this period, Southern blacks were deprived of the right to vote and many of their civil rights. We find that the loss of political and civil rights influenced the means that blacks could use to affect policy, and it limited the policy objectives they could achieve; but it did not render them unable to affect policy. After disfranchisement, black communities, in an alliance with Northern philanthropists, modified and vastly extended a strategy we call “leveraging the state “—a strategy that had been used successfully by both black communities and white communities in the nineteenth century to increase access to public elementary education. This strategy involved using private funds in combination with partial public funding to directly establish new public schools and then negotiating a state commitment to ongoing support of the new public schools. Such a strategy cannot secure political or civil rights, but it can and did secure social rights—although at a high financial price for the challengers and their allies.

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Section: The Historical Context In North Carolina and Alabamamentioning

confidence: 99%