In 1983 D. A. Russell defined the stereotype of the Greek city in the Roman Empire as "sophistopolis", 1 due to the predominant and influential role of the literary works of rhetors and sophists in forming the social and political identity of cities. Unfortunately, this "archetype" of the "sophistopolis" and its literary pillars is all but absent from the bibliography on Greek imperial literature after the arrival of Constantine I. as emperor, as though some scholars have taken knowledge of the later literature for granted. A comprehensive study of fourth century literature as a whole is still lacking. 2 Of course, there are important papers and studies on authors such as Libanius, Themistius, Julian, Himerius, John Chrysostom, and Synesius, to name but a selection, yet the literature from * A first draft of this paper was presented at a seminar held by the Centre for Late Antique Religion and Culture at Cardiff University in August 2007. I am grateful to all the attendants for their suggestions, especially to Nicholas Baker-Brian, who has helped me throughout the elaboration of this work, and to Josef Lössl and Alexei Zadorozhnyy for their suggestions. Any mistakes are only due to the author. I would also like to acknowledge the support of the