Chromatin: Ga-ga over GAGA factor

Granok, Howard; Leibovitch, Boris A.; Shaffer, C.; Elgin, Sarah C. R.

doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00048-0

Cited by 156 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…5) demonstrated the uniqueness of TAGteam sites, but revealed non-TAGteam motifs associated with overlapping patterns of binding as well. Of the 30 highest-ranked heptamers associated with overlapping binding, all of the non-TAGteam motifs contained GA or GAG repeats, suggesting a potential association between binding of many factors and GAGA factor, which is encoded by the gene Trithorax-like and implicated in chromatin remodeling (Granok et al 1995;Wall et al 1995;Okada and Hirose 1998). Intriguingly, we observed a 1.5-fold enrichment for GAGA motifs in promoters with high levels of binding when TAGteam motifs were not present (39% of highly bound promoters without TAGteam sites contained GAGA motifs versus 25% with TAGteam sites), suggesting that GAGA factor may help to facilitate binding of transcription factors at some regions not associated with Vielfaltig.…”

Section: Org Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

The TAGteam motif facilitates binding of 21 sequence-specific transcription factors in the Drosophila embryo

Satija¹,

Bradley²

2012

Genome Res.

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Highly overlapping patterns of genome-wide binding of many distinct transcription factors have been observed in worms, insects, and mammals, but the origins and consequences of this overlapping binding remain unclear. While analyzing chromatin immunoprecipitation data sets from 21 sequence-specific transcription factors active in the Drosophila embryo, we found that binding of all factors exhibits a dose-dependent relationship with ''TAGteam'' sequence motifs bound by the zinc finger protein Vielfaltig, also known as Zelda, a recently discovered activator of the zygotic genome. TAGteam motifs are present and well conserved in highly bound regions, and are associated with transcription factor binding even in the absence of canonical recognition motifs for these factors. Furthermore, levels of binding in promoters and enhancers of zygotically transcribed genes are correlated with RNA polymerase II occupancy and gene expression levels. Our results suggest that Vielfaltig acts as a master regulator of early development by facilitating the genome-wide establishment of overlapping patterns of binding of diverse transcription factors that drive global gene expression.[Supplemental material is available for this article.]Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments in diverse metazoans have shown that many transcription factors bind thousands of highly overlapping loci in undifferentiated cells (Boyer et al.

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Section: Org Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

The TAGteam motif facilitates binding of 21 sequence-specific transcription factors in the Drosophila embryo

Satija¹,

Bradley²

2012

Genome Res.

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“…The pentamer GAGAG (CTCTC), situated between TATA and Inr is required for insulation at the even-skipped (eve) locus (Read et al 1990). Mutations in the pentamer and reduction in GAGAG-binding proteins termed GAGA factors (for review, see Granok et al 1995) or Trithorax-like (Trl; Farkas et al 1994), were found to prevent the transcriptional insulation of eve neighbours .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of engrailed promoter elements essential for interactions with a stripe enhancer in Drosophila embryos

et al. 1999

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“…We also found an almost perfect correlation between the presence of phosphorylated H3 at Ser 10 and the GAGA protein (data not shown). Since GAGA is a general transcriptional activator (Granok et al 1995) and strong evidence indicates that transcription in polytene chromosomes occurs in interbands and not in bands, where chromatin is highly compacted (Sass 1982;Weeks et al 1993), these observations suggest that histone phosphorylation is a landmark for actively transcribing regions in Drosophila polytene chromosomes.We then asked whether the recruitment of factors controlling H3 phosphorylation depends on the structure of the promoter. The Hsp70 promoter contains a consensus TATA box, plus an Initiator and downstream sequences that may influence the transcriptional activity of the (Fig.…”

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confidence: 97%

Phosphorylation of histone H3 during transcriptional activation depends on promoter structure

Labrador¹,

Corcés²

2003

Genes Dev.

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Covalent modifications of histone N-terminal tails are required for the proper assembly and activation of the general transcription factors at promoters. Here, we analyze histone acetylation and phosphorylation in Drosophila transgenes activated by the yeast Gal4 transcriptional activator in the context of different promoters. We show that, independent of the promoter, transcription does not correlate with acetylation of either H3-Lys 14 or H4-Lys 8. Histone H3 associated with the DNA of Gal4-induced transcribing transgenes driven by the Drosophila Hsp70 promoter is hyperphosphorylated at Ser 10 during transcription. Surprisingly, histone H3 at Gal4-induced transgenes driven by the P element Transposase promoter is not hyperphosphorylated. The data suggest that transcription occurs without acetylated H4 and H3 in both transgenes in Drosophila polytene chromosomes. Instead, phosphorylation of H3 is linked to transcription and can be modulated by the structure of the promoter. Received July 8, 2002; revised version accepted October 31, 2002. Posttranslational covalent modifications of N-terminal tails of the core histones at the nucleosome play an important role in determining chromatin structure, which is an essential component of the control of nuclear biology (Jenuwein and Allis 2001). The expression of a large number of genes from organisms across the phylogenetic scale correlates with histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination in the nucleosomes surrounding the promoter of the gene (Roth et al. 2001;Berger 2002;Fry and Peterson 2002;Sun and Allis 2002). Acetylation of histones H3 and H4 N-terminal tails has been broadly associated with activation of transcription. Histone acetyl-transferases (HATs) are found in a variety of coactivators and transcription factor complexes, whereas histone deacetylases (HDACs) are present in protein complexes with a repressive function (Roth et al. 2001). H3 methylation at Lys 9 has the opposite effect and therefore is found in regions where transcription is repressed by chromatin structure (Rea et al. 2000;Bannister et al. 2001). Phosphorylation of H3 at Ser 10 has also been correlated with activation of transcription in yeast, mammals, and Drosophila (Cheung et al. 2000;Lo et al. 2000;Nowak and Corces 2000;Lo et al. 2001;Thomson et al. 2001;Li et al. 2002;Strelkov and Davie 2002).Two nonexclusive models have been postulated to explain the role of histone N-terminal tail modification in transcription. The first one suggests that histone modifications have an effect on the relative charge of the histone tails, rendering a more open or closed chromatin state that determines the accessibility of transcription factors to the core promoter. The second model, termed the histone code hypothesis, predicts that a combination of covalent modifications of histone tails functions as a target for the specific binding of effector proteins (Turner 2000;Jenuwein and Allis 2001). Binding of these proteins will ultimately determine the transc...

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Chromatin: Ga-ga over GAGA factor

Abstract: Recent results suggest that the Drosophila transcriptional activator known as GAGA factor functions by influencing chromatin structure.

Cited by 156 publications

References 23 publications

The TAGteam motif facilitates binding of 21 sequence-specific transcription factors in the Drosophila embryo

The TAGteam motif facilitates binding of 21 sequence-specific transcription factors in the Drosophila embryo

Identification of engrailed promoter elements essential for interactions with a stripe enhancer in Drosophila embryos

Phosphorylation of histone H3 during transcriptional activation depends on promoter structure

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