Chromium Distribution around Grain Boundary Carbides found in Austenitic Stainless Steel

Hopkinson, B. E.; Carroll, K. G.

doi:10.1038/1841479a0

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Intergranular corrosion (IGC) of stainless steel is a localised form of corrosion that proceeds along the grain boundaries and usually happens during exposure to high temperatures (between 500 and 800°C) or welding [69,70]. Formation of secondary precipitates like Cr-rich carbides, r and v phases along the grain boundaries leaves the adjacent areas more susceptible to corrosion during subsequent exposure to corrosive environments.…”

Section: Corrosion Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different types of pores have been reported in AM austenitic stainless steels [41,[67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. LOF pores are shown to be more detrimental to wear properties [66,92,93], fatigue resistance [94,95] and corrosion resistance [96][97][98] than spherical gas pores, since they act as the crack initiation site during tensile testing and pit formation site upon immersion in a corrosive environment.…”

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

et al. 2020

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Metal additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is a disruptive manufacturing technology in which complex engineering parts are produced in a layer-by-layer manner, using a high-energy heating source and powder, wire or sheet as feeding material. The current paper aims to review the achievements in AM of steels in its ability to obtain superior properties that cannot be achieved through conventional manufacturing routes, thanks to the unique microstructural evolution in AM. The challenges that AM encounters are also reviewed, and suggestions for overcoming these challenges are provided if applicable. We focus on laser powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition as these two methods are currently the most common AM methods to process steels. The main foci are on austenitic stainless steels and maraging/precipitation-hardened (PH) steels, the two so far most widely used classes of steels in AM, before summarising the state-of-the-art of AM of other classes of steels. Our comprehensive review highlights that a wide range of steels can be processed by AM. The unique microstructural features including hierarchical (sub)grains and fine precipitates induced by AM result in enhancements of strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of AM steels when compared to their conventional counterparts. Achieving an acceptable ductility and fatigue performance remains a challenge in AM steels. AM also acts as an intrinsic heat treatment, triggering ‘in situ’ phase transformations including tempering and other precipitation phenomena in different grades of steels such as PH steels and tool steels. A thorough discussion of the performance of AM steels as a function of these unique microstructural features is presented in this review.

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Section: Corrosion Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

et al. 2020

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“…Since the discovery of -Cr 23 C 6 by Westgren [1], this cubic phase has been reported in many steels [2][3][4][5][6]. Recently Jin and co-workers found -(Fe,M) 23 C 6 nano-particles (with radii of 4 to 8 nm) at dislocation loops of ion-irradiated austenitic steels [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Formation, structure and magnetism of the γ-(Fe,M)23C6 (M = Cr, Ni) phases: A first-principles study

2016

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“…Intergranular corrosion (IGC) is a form of corrosion where the corrosive attack proceeds preferentially along the grain boundaries and is usually attributed to the precipitation of secondary phases at grain boundaries when exposed to temperatures between 500 and 800°C or welding [180,181]. In stainless steels, precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries leaves the adjacent area more prone to corrosion during subsequent exposure to a corrosive environment [182,183]. Grain boundary character (e.g.…”

Section: Intergranular Corrosion Of Am Stainless Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of corrosion characteristics of additively manufactured stainless steels

Laleh

Hughés

et al. 2021

International Materials Reviews

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is associated with a sequence of rapid heating and cooling cycles along with large temperature gradients, developing complex thermal histories which have direct influence on resultant microstructures. Such a dynamic and far-from-equilibrium process leads to distinct microstructural features that are expected to cause changes in the corrosion characteristics of AM stainless steels. Currently such changes are not well understood, consequently inconsistencies and disagreements are frequently found in the literature on the corrosion behaviour of AM stainless steels. This paper performs a critical review of corrosion characteristics of AM stainless steels by assessing the effects of their unique microstructural features on corrosion behaviour, with particular focus on new corrosion phenomena and selected critical forms of localised corrosion including pitting corrosion, erosion-corrosion, intergranular corrosion, fatigue corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Discussion on the mechanisms of these corrosion phenomena and behaviour, as well as major influencing factors, are undertaken, leading to recommendations and suggestions for future development of AM stainless steels for various corrosive conditions.

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Chromium Distribution around Grain Boundary Carbides found in Austenitic Stainless Steel

Cited by 26 publications

References 1 publication

Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges

Formation, structure and magnetism of the γ-(Fe,M)23C6 (M = Cr, Ni) phases: A first-principles study

A critical review of corrosion characteristics of additively manufactured stainless steels

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