Chromium-free and waterless vegetable-aluminium tanning system for sustainable leather manufacture

Pradeep, S.; Sundaramoorthy, Sundarapandiyan; Sathish, Murali; Jayakumar, Gladstone Christopher; Aravindhan, R.; Madhan, Balaraman; Palanivel, Saravanan; Rao, Jonnalagadda Raghava

doi:10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100108

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Currently, leather sector researchers concentrate on eco-benign tannin with less environmental impact [18]. To get the advantages of both tannages and to attain the batik effect, chrome re-tanned leather has been chosen to produce the five leather samples using the following techniques outlined below [19]:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Simulated Batik Techniques to Chrome Re-tanned Leather Substrates

2022

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Batik is one of the most attractive and precious methods which enhances the value of leather even of a very simple one. Batik is mainly practised on clothes. Practising batik on leather is not yet mainstreamed. In the batik technique on leather, wax is typically used as a colour barrier and then different wax removers are used to remove wax from the leather surface. Wax and wax removers create some complexities in leather. This study aims to explore different techniques such as tie-dye, block, splashing, and painting to create a batik effect on the chrome re-tanned leather surface. Then different colour fastness tests (rub, wash, perspiration, light, and heat fastness) are accomplished to assess the quality of batik leather. The resulting appearance and quality of the finished leathers are assessed with greyscale and found at a satisfactory level. In each fastness test, results in the greyscale ratings are 4/5 to 5. The produced leathers are then used for making coin purses, key cases, and ladies' purses. So, the new batik techniques are recommendable for practice.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Simulated Batik Techniques to Chrome Re-tanned Leather Substrates

2022

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“…erefore, even with a lower concentration of tanning agents, when combined with vegetable tannin, it provided greater thickness to the leather [26].…”

Section: Comparison Of the Strength Quality Of Rabbit And Nile Tilapi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this is possible because, according to Vieira et al [25] and Pradeep et al [26], depending on the proportions and combinations of vegetable and synthetic tannins used, they do not interfere with the leather thickness. However, these authors also observed that Nile tilapia leather submitted to tanning with 5% vegetable tannin combined with 5% synthetic tannin demonstrated greater thickness (0.73 mm) when compared to leather tanned with 12% synthetic tannin (0.59 mm).…”

Section: Comparison Of the Strength Quality Of Rabbit And Nile Tilapi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Strength Quality of the Oryctolagus cuniculus Leather Compared to Oreochromis niloticus Leather

Oliveira

Gasparino

Castilha

et al. 2022

The Scientific World Journal

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This study aimed to compare the resistance of the Oryctolagus cuniculus L. (rabbit) and Oreochromis niloticus L. (Nile tilapia) skins, as well as to observe the design of the flower of these skins and the morphology of the dermis. Tilapia and rabbit skins were placed inside the same equipment (tannery machine) for the chromium salt tanning process. The flower design of the fish leather distinguishes it from the rabbit leather, the latter being constituted by the opening of the hair follicles and pores, while the fish leather is constituted by the presence of protective lamellae and insertion of the scales. The dermis of rabbit skin consists of thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged in all directions, which differs from the morphology observed in the dermis of fish skin. However, in the Nile tilapia skin dermis, overlapping and parallel layers of longitudinal collagen fiber bundles are observed, these layers are interspersed with fiber bundles crossing the sking surface (transversely), tying the fibers together and providing greater strength, which can be proven by the strength test. The fish leathers, despite having less thickness (1.0 mm), demonstrated significantly greater tensile strength (13.52 ± 1.86 N mm−2) and tear strength (53.85 ± 6.66 N mm−2) than rabbit leathers, that is, (8.98 ± 2.67 N mm−2) and (24.25 ± 4.34 N mm−2). However, rabbit leather demonstrated higher elasticity (109.97 ± 13.52%) compared to Nile tilapia leather (78.97 ± 8.40%). It can be concluded that although the rabbit leather is thicker due to the histological architecture of the dermis (thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged in all directions with no pattern of organization of collagen fibers), it shows less resistance than Nile tilapia leather, which demonstrates an organization of overlapping and parallel layers and intercalating collagen fiber bundles transversally to the surface, functioning as tendons for the swimming process. It is recommended to use a piece of fabric (lining) together with the fleshy side of the rabbit leather, to increase resistance when used in clothing and footwear, as these products require greater tensile strength. Thus, it minimizes this restriction for the use of rabbit leather in the aforementioned purposes.

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“…The leather industry utilizes almost 90% of chromium-based tanning agents for converting raw skins/hides into leather. About 40% of the used chromium (III) salts are discarded as wastewater (Pradeep et al, 2021).…”

Section: Encapsulation Treatments Of Cr-bearing Wastewater From Tanne...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Chromium Encapsulation: Alkali Activation Route

Sgarlata

Leonelli²,

Lancellotti³

et al. 2022

Front. Mater.

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This article highlights recent experimental advances in the use of inorganic substances in the encapsulation of pollutants and, in particular, discusses the potential applicability and constraints of the geopolymerization process for the treatment of wastewater containing chromium. A great percentage of waste containing chromium salts is produced by the leather industry during the tannery process. Such industrial waste is in the form of liquor containing almost 40% of the initial chromium combined with many other pollutants. The stabilization/solidification (S/S) treatment of this type of waste must be combined with chromium encapsulation in an economic, environmentally friendly and efficient process to be industrially feasible. Here we present a novel process in which the wastewater is used as a component of the formulation together with a clay by-product and with the addition of NaOH pellets with the goal of a no-water plus no-waste technology approach. The final solidified “ceramic-like” material successfully immobilized the heavy metal cations as well as anions and macromolecules of surfactants, avoiding environmental damages to soil and groundwater. The article is completed by mentioning other S/S processes where wastewater has been treated and the resulting sludge encapsulated. The future of the S/S technologies in the tannery industry should progress in the direction of significantly reducing the amount of wastewater directed to the treatment plants, with associated reductions in transport and their CO2 emissions. This article intends to be a contribution in the direction of preventing waste, aligning circular economy and waste management objectives.

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Chromium-free and waterless vegetable-aluminium tanning system for sustainable leather manufacture

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

An Evaluation of Simulated Batik Techniques to Chrome Re-tanned Leather Substrates

An Evaluation of Simulated Batik Techniques to Chrome Re-tanned Leather Substrates

Characterization and Strength Quality of the Oryctolagus cuniculus Leather Compared to Oreochromis niloticus Leather

Sustainable Chromium Encapsulation: Alkali Activation Route

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