Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview

Tumolo, Marina; Ancona, Valeria; Paola, Domenico De; Losacco, Daniela; Campanale, Claudia; Massarelli, Carmine; Uricchio, Vito Felice

doi:10.3390/ijerph17155438

Cited by 356 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 161 publications

(260 reference statements)

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“…(1) Natural Sources. From the two most stable oxidation state of chromium (i.e., Cr(III) and Cr(VI)), the trivalent one exists naturally in a complex form with the chromite ore (FeCr2O4), a mineral which exists in mafic and ultramafic rocks and is a complex of varying proportions of magnesium, iron, aluminum, and chromium [57][58][59][60].…”

Section: Sources Of Chromiummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioremediation of Chromium by Microorganisms and Its Mechanisms Related to Functional Groups

Ayele

Godeto

2021

Journal of Chemistry

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Heavy metals generated mainly through many anthropogenic processes, and some natural processes have been a great environmental challenge and continued to be the concern of many researchers and environmental scientists. This is mainly due to their highest toxicity even at a minimum concentration as they are nonbiodegradable and can persist in the aquatic and terrestrial environments for long periods. Chromium ions, especially hexavalent ions (Cr(VI)) generated through the different industrial process such as tanneries, metallurgical, petroleum, refractory, oil well drilling, electroplating, mining, textile, pulp and paper industries, are among toxic heavy metal ions, which pose toxic effects to human, plants, microorganisms, and aquatic lives. This review work is aimed at biosorption of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) through microbial biomass, mainly bacteria, fungi, and microalgae, factors influencing the biosorption of chromium by microorganisms and the mechanism involved in the remediation process and the functional groups participated in the uptake of toxic Cr(VI) from contaminated environments by biosorbents. The biosorption process is relatively more advantageous over conventional remediation technique as it is rapid, economical, requires minimal preparatory steps, efficient, needs no toxic chemicals, and allows regeneration of biosorbent at the end of the process. Also, the presence of multiple functional groups in microbial cell surfaces and more active binding sites allow easy uptake and binding of a greater number of toxic heavy metal ions from polluted samples. This could be useful in creating new insights into the development and advancement of future technologies for future research on the bioremediation of toxic heavy metals at the industrial scale.

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Section: Sources Of Chromiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…e naturally released Cr(III) ion can most probably oxidize into a highly toxic form (i.e., Cr(VI)) through microbial intervention and geochemical processes [57,60]. Also, geologic parent materials or rock outcroppings and volcanoes are the most significant natural source of chromium pollution in the environment [61].…”

Section: Sources Of Chromiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioremediation of Chromium by Microorganisms and Its Mechanisms Related to Functional Groups

Ayele

Godeto

2021

Journal of Chemistry

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“…The high magnitude of Cr contamination across the globe is estimated to pour risk on approximately 16 million people ( Pure Earth, 2015 ). Both anthropogenic and natural events can contribute to the global Cr reservoir ( Jeřábková et al, 2018 ; Coetzee et al, 2020 ; Tumolo et al, 2020 ). For example, industrial activities such as discharge of effluents and solid wastes from industrial energy production, manufacturing of refractories, stainless steel and chemical dye pigment production, chrome plating, treatment of wood, use of organic fertilizers and chemicals, waste and wastewater management, tanning, mining, etc., have created a widespread accumulation of Cr in their surroundings ( Barnhart, 1997 ; Wilbur et al, 2012 ; Huang et al, 2019 ; Rahman and Singh, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical-Assisted Microbially Mediated Chromium (Cr) (VI) Reduction Under the Influence of Various Electron Donors, Redox Mediators, and Other Additives: An Outlook on Enhanced Cr(VI) Removal

Rahman

Thomas

2021

Front. Microbiol.

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Chromium (Cr) (VI) is a well-known toxin to all types of biological organisms. Over the past few decades, many investigators have employed numerous bioprocesses to neutralize the toxic effects of Cr(VI). One of the main process for its treatment is bioreduction into Cr(III). Key to this process is the ability of microbial enzymes, which facilitate the transfer of electrons into the high valence state of the metal that acts as an electron acceptor. Many underlying previous efforts have stressed on the use of different external organic and inorganic substances as electron donors to promote Cr(VI) reduction process by different microorganisms. The use of various redox mediators enabled electron transport facility for extracellular Cr(VI) reduction and accelerated the reaction. Also, many chemicals have employed diverse roles to improve the Cr(VI) reduction process in different microorganisms. The application of aforementioned materials at the contaminated systems has offered a variety of influence on Cr(VI) bioremediation by altering microbial community structures and functions and redox environment. The collective insights suggest that the knowledge of appropriate implementation of suitable nutrients can strongly inspire the Cr(VI) reduction rate and efficiency. However, a comprehensive information on such substances and their roles and biochemical pathways in different microorganisms remains elusive. In this regard, our review sheds light on the contributions of various chemicals as electron donors, redox mediators, cofactors, etc., on microbial Cr(VI) reduction for enhanced treatment practices.

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“…One of the most toxic elements that pollutes the biosphere is hexavalent chromium [6]. It is well known that the main sources of contamination with hexavalent chromium compounds are galvanic production, waste from tanneries, circulating cooling systems, production of glue, detergents [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterosgel role in neurodegenerative changes in the retina rats under the influence of Cr (VI) - induced retinopathy by study morphological changes in dynamic

Kuzenko¹,

Kuzenko²,

Demin³

2021

SR:MS

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Chromium galvanic production have leaded to biosphere pollution. Therefore advisable to study of role in the neurodegenerative development in retinal diseases under experimental conditions. The aim is to study the Enterosgel effect on morphological changes in rats retina with Cr(VI) – induced retinopathy. Materials and methods. An experimental study had carried out on 72 outbred white male rats. The rats had divided into 3 groups: I – control group of intact rats (n = 24). Control rats were received drinking water, II group – rats (n = 24), were received drinking water with Cr (VI) (K2Cr2O7) – 0.02 mol/L, III group – animals (n = 24) were received drinking water with K2Cr2O7– 0.02 mol/L and hydrogel methylsilicic acid (Enterosgel) at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg per day as a corrector. The animals had been decapitated under ether anesthesia. The retina had been studied on days 20, 40 and 60 of the experiment. Morphologically and morphometrically they had analyzed. Results. According to histological studies, it has proved that Cr (VI) causes dystrophic and degenerative changes in all rats retina layers. They increase as the duration of the experiment. The use of Enterosgel as a corrective therapy showed positive results in restoring the morphological structure of rats retina. After Enterosgel 20 days using as a corrector of Cr (VI) exposure, there is a barely noticeable swelling of the outer and inner nuclear layers. Other layers of the retina, morphologically, look undamaged. Forty days Enterosgel treatment have outer and inner nuclear layer edema of retina of animals persists but does not increase. It is easy noticeable swelling of the outer and inner layers of mesh, but no signs of damage processes of cell populations nuclear layers. State ganglionic layer and nerve fiber layer entirely satisfactory. These pathological changes are not critical. After 60 days from the beginning of loading of Cr (VI) and application of Enterosgel in the retina of rats there are initial degenerative changes in the photosensory layer. Cystic dilated outer segments of rods and cones were visible throughout, and areas of their fragmentation were observed. Ganglion neurons are not damaged, but their axons appear somewhat thickened and fluffy. But in general, the typical structure of the retina is preserved. Conclusions. Chromium-induced toxicity in rats is characterized by pronounced histological and morphometric changes and retinal thickness, which appear after 20 days, increase by 40 days and acquire maximum transformations after 60 days of the experiment. The use of Enterosgel improves picture morphological structures of the retina in rats under the influence of Cr (VI). The changes were expressed on days 20 and 40, which indicates the presence of protective properties for the retina

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Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview

Cited by 356 publications

References 161 publications

Bioremediation of Chromium by Microorganisms and Its Mechanisms Related to Functional Groups

Bioremediation of Chromium by Microorganisms and Its Mechanisms Related to Functional Groups

Chemical-Assisted Microbially Mediated Chromium (Cr) (VI) Reduction Under the Influence of Various Electron Donors, Redox Mediators, and Other Additives: An Outlook on Enhanced Cr(VI) Removal

Enterosgel role in neurodegenerative changes in the retina rats under the influence of Cr (VI) - induced retinopathy by study morphological changes in dynamic

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