Chromium tetraphosphide (CrP₄) as a high-performance anode for Li ion and Na ion batteries

Abstract

Chromium tetraphosphide (CrP4) nanopowder was synthesized via a high energy mechanical milling (HEMM) and introduced as an anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs). As-synthesized monoclinic...

Review and Recent Advances in Metal Compounds as Potential High-Performance Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries

“…CoP 3 @C 238.1 mAh g −1 @ 100 mA g −1 87 212 mAh g −1 after 80 cycles @ 100 mA g −1 77.6 [93] CoP 4 /CF 902 mAh g −1 @ 0.3 A g-−1 53.3 535 mAh g −1 after 1000 cycles @ 1 A g −1 90 [94] CrP 4 /C 881 mAh g −1 @ 50 mA g −1 78.3 613 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles @ 50 mA g −1 86.4 [95] CuP 2 /C 396 mAh g −1 @ 50 mA g −1 65 450 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles @ 200 mA g…”

“…Recently, the monoclinic structure of CrP 4 phase with the space group C2/c, identical to that of the metallic phase of VP 4 , was introduced as a high-capacity anode for SIBs. Its narrower direct band gap, in contrast to the aforementioned 6-MnP 4 and FeP 4 phases, is a distinguishing feature [95]. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of CrP 4 was confirmed as a two-step process including insertion and conversion reactions: CrP 4 + xNa + + xe − → Na x CrP 4 + (12 − x)Na + + (12 − x)e − → Cr 0 + 4 Na 3 P. The CrP 4 electrode shows a first discharge capacity of 1125 mAh g −1 tested at 50 mA g −1 , accompanied by an ICE of 78.3%.…”

“…Additionally, the conversion reaction type of TMPs has been studied in P-rich compounds due to their high theoretical capacities. As shown in Table 2, various compositions of P-rich phosphides have been studied as anodes for SIBs and they exhibit reversible capacities ranging from 250~1100 mAh g −1 depending on their compositions (Table 2) [93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107]. Additionally, the conversion reaction type of TMPs has been studied in P-rich compounds due to their high theoretical capacities.…”

“…The electrochemical reaction mechanism of CrP 4 was confirmed as a two-step process including insertion and conversion reactions: CrP 4 + xNa + + xe − → Na x CrP 4 + (12 − x)Na + + (12 − x)e − → Cr 0 + 4 Na 3 P. The CrP 4 electrode shows a first discharge capacity of 1125 mAh g −1 tested at 50 mA g −1 , accompanied by an ICE of 78.3%. For high-rate cycle retention, CrP 4 nanoparticles were mixed with 15 wt.% of acetylene black carbon to achieve a higher reversible capacity of 369 mAh g −1 over 100 cycles tested at 500 mA g −1 compared to CrP 4 electrodes (Figure 11f) [95].…”