Chromium

Langård, Sverre; Costa, Max

doi:10.1016/b978-012369413-3/50079-3

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Because Cr and Ni are recognized carcinogens (International Agency for Research on Cancer 1990; Klein and Costa 2007; Langård and Costa 2007) and because several metals have pro-oxidant properties, we also measured the urinary concentration of 8-OHdG as an index of oxidative DNA damage (Valavanidis et al 2009). No significant difference was found between working children and schoolchildren for this parameter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adverse Health Effects of Child Labor: High Exposure to Chromium and Oxidative DNA Damage in Children Manufacturing Surgical Instruments

Sughis

Nawrot

Haufroid

et al. 2012

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: A considerable part of the worldwide production of surgical instruments takes place in Sialkot, Pakistan. Many children work in hazardous conditions in this industry.Objective: We investigated exposure to metals and possible health effects among children working in surgical instruments manufacturing units compared with schoolchildren from the same city.Methods: In a cross-sectional study we studied a convenience sample of 104 male children (10–14 years of age) working in surgical instruments manufacturing units and 75 male children of similar age from a school in Sialkot, Pakistan. A respiratory questionnaire was administered, spirometry was performed, and blood pressure was measured. In a spot urine sample, concentrations of metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG, reflecting oxidative DNA damage) by ELISA.Results: The working children reported more asthma (10% vs. 0%; p = 0.005) and dry cough at night (36% vs. 20%; p = 0.02) than did the schoolchildren, but there were no significant differences in pulmonary function or blood pressure. The urinary concentration of chromium was 35 times higher in working children [geometric mean, 23.0 µg/L; 25th–75th percentile, 8.38–58.6] than in schoolchildren [0.66 µg/L; 0.38–1.09)], and largely in excess of the occupational Biological Exposure Index for adult workers (25 µg/L). Urinary 8-OHdG concentrations were not significantly higher in working children than in schoolchildren (19.3 vs. 17.6 µg/g creatinine, p = 0.4), but were significantly correlated with urinary nickel (r = 0.41; p < 0.0001) and with a composite index of metal exposure (r = 0.46; p < 0.0001).Conclusions: Children working in the surgical instruments manufacturing industry had substantial exposure to several metals, especially chromium and nickel, which are established carcinogens. Exposure to nickel was associated with evidence of increased oxidative DNA damage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cr is of particular concern because of the toxic, allergenic, and carcinogenic effects of hexavalent Cr (Cr-VI) (Langård and Costa 2007). Ni is also of concern because of its potential for causing allergy and cancer (Klein and Costa 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Adverse Health Effects of Child Labor: High Exposure to Chromium and Oxidative DNA Damage in Children Manufacturing Surgical Instruments

Sughis

Nawrot

Haufroid

et al. 2012

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Certain catalytic nutrients appear, however, to be of greater benefit to eukaryotes than prokaryotes. Copper, for example, is known to have an antibiotic effect (Stahly, Cromwell & Monegue, 1980) and Cr apparently only has nutritional value for vertebrates (Langard & Costa, 2007; Preston et al , 1976). We suggest that such discrepancies point to a geochemical – hence nutritional ‐ basis for patterns of dominance of various life forms across the Earth's surface.…”

Section: Dominance and E Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Does life consistently maximise energy intensity?

Milewski

Mills

2010

Biological Reviews

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We propose that a basic biological imperative of all organisms is to maximise energy (E) intensity, defined as the average rate of energy use per unit area of the Earth's surface. The dominant organism in any given environment is predicted to be that exerting the greatest E intensity regardless of evolutionary origin. Our 'theory of biological E intensity' thus explains variation in life form in terms of adaptations as opposed to accidents of biological history. It defines the competitive criterion in all metabolic pathways and industrial processes as the average rate of kinetic energy use, excluding heating but including all directed biological kinesis at scales up to the whole organism. A suggested unit for E intensity is joules per square meter per year. Because catalysts are crucial to extremely rapid use of energy (and therefore maximisation of E intensity), catalytic nutrient elements can be viewed as the ultimate means of life. It follows that a common denominator of all dominant organisms would be the acquisition of an optimal catalytic formula as determined by concentrations and ratios of C, H, O, N, S, Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Cd, I, W, and Hg. The likely local shortages of various of these elements can theoretically be alleviated by various changes in the size, shape, and/or behaviour of organisms, depending on the environment. Thus, the availability, and potential for supplementation, of catalytic elements would be the ultimate basis for adaptation, largely determining which life form dominates in any particular location. The theory predicts the following. (1) In nutrient-rich environments offering the optimal catalytic formula, dominant organisms will be microbes. This is because microbes, and prokaryotes in particular, excel in E intensity through rapid biomolecular turnover, enabling them to usurp resources despite minimising biomass, complexity, and information. (2) Where the environment is catabolically dystrophic (i.e. scarce in certain nutrients required for catabolism), macrobes (e.g. humans and trees) will be superior competitors because they can collect and supplement nutrients and thereby approach the optimal catalytic formula. This enables macrobes, despite having considerably slower metabolism per unit body mass, to enhance E intensity relative to competing microbes constrained by catabolic dystrophy. Finally, (3) where the environment is anabolically dystrophic (i.e. scarce in certain nutrients required for anabolism) microbes will again dominate because biomolecular turnover can be relatively free from constraint given the limited fuel available. We suggest that an important and overlooked way to achieve power is to reuse energy, and that all organisms maximise E intensity by converting chemical potential energy (i.e. in fuel) into circuits of electromagnetic energy comprising electric charge, photons, and excited electrons. Because space and time merge subatomically, these electromagnetic circuits represent a concentration in spacetime of energy that (1)...

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“…Heavy metals have become synonymous with industrial pollution due to their toxicological and physiological effects on the ecosystem (Al‐Othman, Ali, & Naushad, ). Most of the heavy metal pollution can be linked to anthropogenic activities, such as mines, foundries, smelters, and other metal‐based industrial operations (Al‐Attar, ; Tchounwou, Yedjou, Patlolla, & Sutton, ), with cigarette smoking being the main nonoccupational source of heavy metal pollution (Langárd & Costa, ; Prozialeck & Edwards ). The increase in heavy metal levels in the water sources, directly affects the people in the affected areas that are using the water for consumption, preparing food, and bathing, as well as the irrigation of crops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is unfortunately seen in areas in the Gauteng and Western Cape provinces in South Africa (Malan, Müller, Cyster, Raitt, & Aalbers, ; Venter et al, ). Both these metals can, depending on the route of exposure, effect the lungs, liver, kidneys, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems and may lead to cancer (Jomova & Valko, ; Langárd & Costa, ; Prozialeck & Edwards, ). Only the liver and kidneys were focused on in this study, as these organs play a major role in the absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxic compounds, like Cd and Cr (Timbrell, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of metals cadmium and chromium alone and in combination on the liver and kidney tissue of male Spraque‐Dawley rats: An ultrastructural and electron‐energy‐loss spectroscopy investigation

Venter

Oberholzer

Cummings

et al. 2017

Microscopy Res & Technique

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Heavy metal pollution has increased in the last decades. Water sources are contaminated and human exposure is often long term exposure to variable amounts of different metals. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed via oral gavage for 28 days to cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr), alone and in combination at concentrations 1000 times the human World Health Organization's acceptable water limits. Rat equivalent dosages were used. Blood markers of liver and kidney function were measured, changes to cellular morphology was determined with transmission electron microscopy and the intracellular metal localisation was determined with the electron energy-loss spectroscopy and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy analysis. Both Cd and Cr caused changes to the nuclear and mitochondrial membranes and irregular chromatin condensation of hepatocytes. Cr exposure caused dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). The combination caused nuclear and mitochondrial membrane damage as well as irregular chromatin condensation. In the kidney tissue, Cd caused irregular chromatin condensation in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Cr caused changes to the outer nuclear and mitochondrial membrane and chromatin structure. The combination group caused membrane damage, irregular chromatin condensation and rER changes in the PCT. All the metal groups showed damage to the endothelial cells and pedicles, but not to the mesangial cells. Cd and Cr bio-accumulation was observed in the nucleus, mitochondria and rER of the liver and kidney and therefore are responsible for the cellular observed damage that can cause functional changes to the tissues and organs.

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Chromium

Cited by 24 publications

References 126 publications

Adverse Health Effects of Child Labor: High Exposure to Chromium and Oxidative DNA Damage in Children Manufacturing Surgical Instruments

Adverse Health Effects of Child Labor: High Exposure to Chromium and Oxidative DNA Damage in Children Manufacturing Surgical Instruments

Does life consistently maximise energy intensity?

Effects of metals cadmium and chromium alone and in combination on the liver and kidney tissue of male Spraque‐Dawley rats: An ultrastructural and electron‐energy‐loss spectroscopy investigation

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