Chronic and Acute Effect of Tramadol Intoxication on Some Immunological Parameters

Abstract

Tramadol intoxication is rapidly on the increase in Nigeria with unestablished short-term and long-term effects. The study was aimed at elucidating the dose-dependent effect of acute or chronic tramadol intoxication on some immunological parameters using male rats (Rattus norvegicus). A total of fifty adult rats were used for the study as indicated by Mead's Resource Equation. The study consisted of acute and chronic categories of fifty adult rats randomly pair-divided into groups of six rats each. The acute phase consisted of a control group of 6 rats administered with normal saline solution and a treatment group of 6 rats administered with lethal dose of tramadol. The chronic phase comprised of control group of 6 rats and 3 tramadol-dependent groups of 6 rats each administered orally with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of tramadol for a period of 90 days respectively. Student t-test, one-way Anova and Pearson correlations were the statistical tools used for the data analysis employing JMP statistical discovery™ software version 14.1. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for immunological examination using World Health Organization (WHO) approved methods. The study revealed that concentrations IgG, IgM and CD4 were significantly elevated (p>0.05) in the acute treatment group compared with the controls. However, the chronic phase of the study showed a progressive significant increase (p>0.05) in CD4 count. Conclusively, the study has demonstrated that tramadol intoxication has the preponderances of altering the immune apparatuses of the body.

In vitro cytotoxic and inhibitory effect of tramadol, flunitrazepam and levonogestrel on neutrophils and myeloperoxidase

“…The immunological status of the body upon exposure to acute or chronic tramadol intoxication or administration is still unclear [34] . Some of the studies posited that tramadol intoxication has significant effects on some immunological parameters, whereas others are of contrary opinion [34] .…”

“…The immunological status of the body upon exposure to acute or chronic tramadol intoxication or administration is still unclear [34] . Some of the studies posited that tramadol intoxication has significant effects on some immunological parameters, whereas others are of contrary opinion [34] . However, in this present study, the depletion in the percentage of viable neutrophils after incubation with tramadol (300 µg/ml, 3000 µg/ml and 30,000 µg/ml) (Figure 2) suggested that abuse of tramadol could also alter the phagocytic activity of the neutrophils and result in neutropenia.…”