Chronic Effects of Diazinon® Exposures Using Integrated Biomarker Responses in Freshwater Walking Catfish, Clarias batrachus

Abstract

Diazinon exposures have been linked to the onset of toxic pathways and adverse outcomes in aquatic species, but the ecological implications on model species are not widely emphasized. The objective of this study was to determine how the organophosphate pesticide diazinon affected hematological (hemoglobin, total red blood count, total white blood count, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin), growth (condition factor, hepatosomatic index, specific growth rate), biochemical (total serum glucose, total serum protein), and endocrine (growth hormone, tri-iodothyronine, and thyroxine) parameters in Clarias batrachus after chronic exposure. Diazinon was administered at predefined exposure doses (0.64 and 1.28 mg/L) and monitored at 15, 30, and 45 days into the investigation. Observation for most biomarkers revealed patterns of decreasing values with increasing toxicant concentration and exposure duration. Correlation analysis highlighted a significant inverse relationship between variables (mean corpuscular hemoglobin, condition factor, specific growth rate, tri-iodothyronine, thyroxine, and total serum protein) and elevated chronic diazinon exposure concentrations. The integrated indices (IBR and BRI) indexes were used to provide visual and understandable depictions of toxicity effects and emphasized the relativity of biomarkers in terms of sensitivity and magnitude or severity of responses under graded toxicant exposures. The significant damage reflected by evaluated parameters in diazinon exposure groups compared to control portends risks to the health of local fish populations, including Clarias batrachus in aquatic systems adjacent to agrarian landscapes.

Effects of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol on Clarias batrachus: a biomarkers approach

“…For SGR, the weight of each fish was measured at each sampling period. The various formulae used for measuring the above parameters are described by Kaviraj et al ( 2004 ) and Saha et al ( 2021 ) as follows:…”

Does short-term exposure to a Neonicotinoid insecticide trigger Biochemical and Physiological responses in Juvenile catfish?

“…They observed signi cant increases in thyroid hormones and a signi cant reduction in TSH levels in their experiment after sh exposure to acetamiprid, chlorfenapyr, and dimethoate. Saha et al 78 observed a reduction in thyroid hormone levels in Clarias batrachus after chronic exposure to diazinon and suggested these reductions could be due to pesticide effects on thyroid hormone signaling and metabolism in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. 78,79 Our study highlights the disruptive endocrine properties of imidacloprid, con rming its potential to adversely affect normal ecological functions and the survival of sh.…”

Evaluating Silymarin Extract as a Potent Antioxidant Supplement in Diazinon-Exposed Rainbow Trout: Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Parameter Analysis

“…The findings indicated that diazinon has the potential to interfere with the regular regulation of glucose metabolism in fish, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose. Exposure to diazinon can induce oxidative stress, which in turn disrupts the proper functioning of glucose metabolism in fish [ 38 , 43 ]. However, silymarin, known for its antioxidant properties, has been shown to scavenge free radicals, reduce lipid peroxidation, and enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes.…”