Chronic Energy Deficiency and Its Determinant Factors among Adults Aged 18–59 Years in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background. The prevalence of undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries is still remarkably high. Undernutrition during adulthood is a greater risk factor for low productivity, poor health, and mortality. There is limited information on the prevalence and determinants of chronic energy deficiency in Ethiopia. Objective. To assess the prevalence and determinants of chronic energy deficiency among adults aged 18–59 years in Ethiopia. Method. A secondary data analysis was conducted using the data obtained from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Data were collected using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique, and the analytic sample consisted of 9,280 adults aged 18–59 years. The chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used, and p value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Result. A total of 9280 adults aged 18–59 years were included in the study and 2911 (28.7%) (95% CI: 27.0%–30.4%) of whom were chronic energy deficient. Adults who have no work (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.72), male adults from Tigray region (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.61, 3.09), Afar region (AOR = 2.98, 95% CI: 2.04, 4.36), Somali region (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI: 2.19, 4.52), Gambella region (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.76), Harari region (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.19), Amhara region (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.13), Oromia region (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.19), Dire Dawa (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.05), adults live lonely (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.71), and adults residing in poor wealth index households (AOR = 1.26 : 95% CI: 1.07, 1.49) were significantly associated with chronic energy deficiency. Conclusion and recommendation. Chronic energy deficiency among male adults in Ethiopia was a high public health problem. Marital status, wealth index, occupation, and region were significant predictors of chronic energy deficiency. The Ministry of Health with other partners should strictly monitor and evaluate interventions that are being applied and should give focus to adult men to prevent malnutrition.

The Effect of Supplementary Feeding Interventions on Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency

“…The symptoms that appeared in the five patients were almost similar to the theory of Herdman & Kamitsuru [23]. Based on the results of the study, all pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency experienced nutritional problems, namely the risk of nutritional deficits indicated by a decrease in food portions, reluctance to eat, attitudes towards healthy food, stable weight from before pregnancy, and dry mucous membrane [24].…”

Reflections of well-being: navigating body image, chronic energy deficiency, and nutritional intake among urban and rural adolescents

“…According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health, the size of LILA at risk of suffering from SEZ is <23.5 cm and Body Mass Index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 ( 2 , 21 ). CED is defined as a chronic nutritional problem that results from low energy intake over many years ( 22 ). Seen in Table 1 , the percentage of adolescents at risk of developing CED in rural areas is greater, in urban areas (54.0%) and rural areas (61.7%).…”

A Study on the Health and Nutritional Status of Mawasi Tribal Women in Villages of Chitrakoot Region in Madhya Pradesh, India

“…Therefore, the use of BMI and WHO BMI based cut-off point (Asian population) for the evaluation of under-nutrition is expropriated for use among the tribal populations of India" [14]. "Studies worldwide and from India have utilized BMI to study nutritional status of the tribal population" [15]. The Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is associated with impaired physical capacity, reduced economic productivity, increased mortality and poorer reproductive outcomes.…”