Chronic Immune Activation in TB/HIV Co-infection

Sharan, Riti; Bucşan, Allison N.; Ganatra, Shashank; Paiardini, Mirko; Mohan, Mahesh; Mehra, Smriti; Khader, Shabaana A.; Kaushal, Deepak

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.015

Cited by 51 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…a virus or bacterium) is encountered.) [ [105] , [106] , [107] , [108] ]; Prior Influenza Infection/Vaccination (effects of prior influenza infection/vaccination on severity of future disease symptoms) [ [109] , [110] , [111] , [112] , [113] , [114] , [115] , [116] ]; Timing between Viral Exposures (elapsed time between viral exposures) [ [117] , [118] , [119] , [120] ]; Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Respiratory Disease (where vaccination enhances respiratory disease) [ [121] , [122] , [123] ]; Chronic Immune Activation (continuous innate immune responses) [ [124] , [125] , [126] ]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine- and natural infection-induced mechanisms that could modulate vaccine safety

et al. 2020

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine- and natural infection-induced mechanisms that could modulate vaccine safety

et al. 2020

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“…We also showed that the activation profile of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in terms of HLA-DR expression identifies TB disease activity irrespective of HIV-1 status (25). Recent data using the macaque model of SIV/Mtb co- infection indicates that SIV induces chronic immune activation, leading to dysregulated T cell homeostasis which is associated with reactivation of LTBI (26, 27). This may imply that HIV-1 induced chronic immune activation leads to LTBI reactivation and therefore increased susceptibility to TB in HIV-1 co-infected individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiretroviral treatment-induced decrease in immune activation contributes to reduced susceptibility to tuberculosis in HIV-1-TB co-infected persons

Wilkinson

Schneider-Luftman

Lai

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Antiretroviral treatment (ART) reduces the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-1 co-infected persons. In order to understand host immune responses during ART in the context of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) sensitization, we performed RNAseq analysis of whole blood-derived RNA from HIV-1 infected patients during the first 6 months of ART. A significant fall in RNA sequence abundance of the Hallmark IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL- 6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, and inflammatory response pathway genes indicated reduced immune activation and inflammation at 6 months of ART compared to day 0. Further exploratory evaluation of 65 soluble analytes in plasma confirmed the significant decrease of inflammatory markers after 6 months of ART. Next, we evaluated 30 soluble analytes in QuantiFERON Gold in-tube (QFT) samples from the Ag stimulated and Nil tubes, during the first 6 months of ART in 30 patients. There was a significant decrease in IL-1alpha and IL-1beta (Ag-Nil) concentrations as well as MCP-1 (Nil), supporting decreased immune activation and inflammation. At the same time, IP-10 (Ag-nil) concentrations significantly increased, together with chemokine receptor-expressing CD4 T cell numbers. Our data indicate that ART-induced decrease in immune activation combined with improved antigen responsiveness may contribute to reduced susceptibility to tuberculosis in HIV-1-TB co-infected persons.

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“…Coinfection occurs when pathogens (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites) co-occur within an individual [32], most often with a chronic infection [33]. Parasite coinfections [34] and HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection [35,36] are huge burdens for human health. Accurate knowledge of coinfection prevalence is missing, but it is estimated that at least one-sixth of the human population is affected by this condition.…”

Section: Opportunistic Infections and Coinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunist Coinfections by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria and Fungi in Immunocompromised Patients

2020

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Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and many fungal species (spp.) are commonly associated with opportunistic infections (OPIs) in immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, occurrence of concomitant infection by NTM (mainly spp. of Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium abscessus complex) and fungal spp. (mainly, Aspergillus fumigatus, Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans) is very challenging and is associated with poor patient prognosis. The most frequent clinical symptoms for coinfection and infection by single agents (fungi or NTM) are similar. For this reason, the accurate identification of the aetiological agent(s) is crucial to select the best treatment approach. Despite the significance of this topic it has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. This review aims at summarizing case reports and studies on NTM and fungi coinfection during the last 20 years. In addition, it briefly characterizes OPIs and coinfection, describes key features of opportunistic pathogens (e.g., NTM and fungi) and human host predisposing conditions to OPIs onset and outcome. The review could interest a wide spectrum of audiences, including medical doctors and scientists, to improve awareness of these infections, leading to early identification in clinical settings and increasing research in the field. Improved diagnosis and availability of therapeutic options might contribute to improve the prognosis of patients’ survival.

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Chronic Immune Activation in TB/HIV Co-infection

Cited by 51 publications

References 126 publications

Vaccine- and natural infection-induced mechanisms that could modulate vaccine safety

Vaccine- and natural infection-induced mechanisms that could modulate vaccine safety

Antiretroviral treatment-induced decrease in immune activation contributes to reduced susceptibility to tuberculosis in HIV-1-TB co-infected persons

Opportunist Coinfections by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria and Fungi in Immunocompromised Patients

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