Chronic kidney disease in adrenal disorders

Abstract

Purpose of review This review will focus on hypertension due to underlying adrenal disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Diagnosis of adrenal hypertension and particularly primary aldosteronism (PA) in CKD is frequently not pursued. We outline limitations that advanced kidney disease poses on the diagnostic work up of these disorders and provide a framework for approaching CKD patients suspected of having an adrenal disorder. Recognition of these disorders is important as they are often underdiagnosed which leads to poorer outcomes. Recent findings Adrenal disease associated with hypertension in CKD is most commonly due to PA whereas pheochromocytoma and Cushing's disease are important but less common. Diagnosis of these diseases is important as their identification leads to better blood pressure control and can possibly mitigate the risk of progression of CKD. Work up and treatment of PA has been shown to be safe and is associated with less antihypertensive medication requirement for the associated hypertension and slower progression of CKD. Summary This chapter summarizes the importance of recognizing adrenal hypertension in CKD and reinforces the need for physicians to pursue these diagnoses in CKD patients as this is safe and improves both BP control and delays progression of CKD.

Association between gut microbiota and adrenal disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomized study

“…Adrenal diseases are vital components of endocrine system disorders, chiefly encompassing Adrenocortical insufficiency (AI), Cushing syndrome(CS), and Hyperaldosteronism(HA) ( Salman and Cohen, 2021 ). AI manifests as adrenal cortex dysfunction, resulting in absolute or relative insufficiency of cortisol secretion ( Bancos et al., 2015 ).…”