Chronic Maternal Nicotine Exposure Alters Neuronal Systems in the Arcuate Nucleus That Regulate Feeding Behavior in the Newborn Rhesus Macaque

Grove, Kevin L.; Sekhon, H S; Brogan, Rebecca S.; Keller, Jonathan M.; Smith, M. Susan; Spindel, Eliot R.

doi:10.1210/jcem.86.11.8033

Cited by 59 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…15 This observation indicates that maternal smoking in pregnancy may also be an independent risk factor for overweight in children at school entry, as it has been suggested to affect the appetite regulation system in the developing brain. 55,56 The association between maternal education and childhood overweight at 3-5 years of age observed in the present study accords with the findings from other similar studies. 15,46,57,58 In all these studies preschoolers born to mothers having a higher education (usually with a college or a university degree) were less likely to be overweight than children born to mothers with lower education (usually with a junior high school degree).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

2007

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Objective: To identify those perinatal parameters and characteristics predisposing children to an increased risk of overweight during infancy and preschool years. Design: The analyses were performed using data from the Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In preSchoolers. Subjects: A representative sample of 2374 Greek preschoolers 1-5 years old. Measurements: Anthropometric data, such as body weight, recumbent length and standing height, were obtained by using standard procedures and measuring equipment. Structured interviews were conducted with both parents to collect information on anthropometric, demographic, medical and behavioral data. Finally, children's anthropometric data at birth, 6 and 12 months of age were recorded from their birth certificates and medical records. Results: Children born large for gestational age were 4.59 and 2.19 times more likely for being overweight at 6 and 12 months of age, respectively, than children born appropriate for gestational age. On the other hand, children that were exclusively breastfed were 0.49 and 0.54 times less likely for being overweight at 6 and 12 months of age, respectively, than children that were exclusively formula fed. Furthermore, 3-to 5-year-old children born to mothers who were both active and passive smokers during pregnancy were 1.79 times more likely of being overweight compared to children born to nonsmoking mothers. Finally, having an overweight father significantly increased the likelihood of childhood overweight at 12 months, 1-3 and 3-5 years of age. Conclusion: Our findings showed that some of the perinatal parameters and characteristics examined in the current study predict overweight at infancy, while others at preschool years. Priority should be given to size at birth, breastfeeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental overweight, when developing public health strategies to reduce the prevalence of childhood overweight and related chronic disease later in life.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

2007

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“…1). A previous study reported birth weight adjusted for maternal weight as about 2% less with smoke exposure (Grove et al, 2001). This was also the case in the present sample.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Growth patterns of the heart and kidney suggest inter-organ collaboration in facultative fetal growth

Lampl

Kuzawa

Jeanty³

2005

Am. J. Hum. Biol.

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with a number of negative sequelae among offspring, including elevated postnatal blood pressure. While animal studies have described organ level alterations with smoke exposure, human data have been more limited. Thirty-four healthy maternal/fetal pairs (24 nonsmokers, 10 smokers) participated in a longitudinal growth study from the thirteenth week of pregnancy to document fetal kidney and heart growth trajectories and morphology. Curve fitting followed by a mixed model for repeated measures identified significantly different growth patterns in kidney width, thickness, length, and volume growth with exposure: the smoke-exposed fetal kidney was wide and thick compared to the unexposed kidney during the second and early third trimester, declining to proportionately thin kidneys for length and width subsequently. Cardiac growth in width and volume followed a reverse pattern: a surge in cardiac volume occurred after 30 weeks with acceleration in cardiac width, resulting in a heart that was wide for length and for fetal weight. Smoke exposure altered fetal growth in size and timing of the heart and kidneys during midgestation, with changes in organ morphology suggesting compensatory growth. These are the first data providing anatomical evidence of altered renal/cardiac volume relationships that may provide a mechanism to previously reported sequelae of in utero smoke exposure. They suggest that cell-level adaptive responses to hypoxia and/or chemical insults are operative and illustrate the importance of longitudinal ultrasound to directly assess the organ-level growth response of the human fetus to a prenatal stress, in lieu of relying on birth outcome measures.

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“…20,69 In animal studies, administration of nicotine to pregnant mothers resulted in offspring that were smaller at birth but had increased body fat. [70][71][72][73] In other studies, rats prenatally exposed to low doses of nicotine were not smaller at birth but became heavier by 5-10 weeks of age 74,75 and had higher overall body fat as well as increased perivascular adipose tissue, resulting in decreased vascular relaxation. 75 In another protocol, prenatal nicotine exposure did not influence body weight, but caused higher blood pressure only among genetically susceptible rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis

2007

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Objective: Perform a systematic review of studies reporting on the association between maternal prenatal cigarette smoking and child overweight. Design: Meta-analysis of observational studies. Data sources: Medline search and review of reference lists among studies published through June 2006. Review methods: Included studies reported an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of overweight among children at least 2 years of age. We did not include in the meta-analysis studies that provided only a continuous measure of adiposity, although those studies are discussed separately. Results: Based on results of 84 563 children reported in 14 observational studies, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were at elevated risk for overweight (pooled adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.50, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.65) at ages 3-33 years, compared with children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy. The pooled estimate from unadjusted odds ratios (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.69) was similar to the adjusted estimate, suggesting that sociodemographic and behavioral differences between smokers and nonsmokers did not explain the observed association. Although we observed evidence for publication bias, simulating a symmetric set of studies yielded a similar estimate (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.55). Conclusions:Prenatal smoking exposure appears to increase rates of overweight in childhood. In parts of the world undergoing the epidemiologic transition, the continuing increase in smoking among young women could contribute to spiraling increases in rates of obesity-related health outcomes in the 21st century.

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Chronic Maternal Nicotine Exposure Alters Neuronal Systems in the Arcuate Nucleus That Regulate Feeding Behavior in the Newborn Rhesus Macaque

Cited by 59 publications

References 54 publications

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

Perinatal predictors of overweight at infancy and preschool childhood: the GENESIS study

Growth patterns of the heart and kidney suggest inter-organ collaboration in facultative fetal growth

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis

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