Chronic Non-neurological Toxicity from Volatile Substance Abuse

Marjot, R.; McLeod, A A

doi:10.1177/096032718900800408

Cited by 70 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Therefore, in the present study we analyzed the effects of short-term, high-concentration toluene exposure (6,000 ppm) in rats exposed prenatally and/or during adolescence on locomotor activity, anxiety-like response, nociception and learning. This concentration of toluene was chosen because abuse in humans typically involves > 20 deep inhalations of very high solvent concentrations (likely greater than 5,000 ppm) over a very short period of time (10-15 min) [16,40,61]. Also because 6,000 ppm toluene produces clear effects in several preclinical behavioral tests [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Binge Toluene Exposure in Adolescent Rats

López‐Rubalcava¹,

Chávez-Alvarez²,

Huerta-Rivas³

et al. 2014

Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research

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The continued abuse of inhaled organic solvents, especially among women of childbearing age, raises the risk of long-term behavioral effects of maternal toluene abuse. In this study, the effects of short-term exposures to high toluene concentrations (i.e., "binges") were tested in independent groups of adolescent rats with different toluene treatments: (a) acute: 30-day-old animals exposed for 30 min to air (A) or 6,000 ppm toluene (T); (b) prenatal and postnatal: rats exposed to T or A from gestation days 8-20 and re-exposed to T or A from postnatal day (PN) 22 to PN30 (A/A, T/A, A/T, and T/T, resp.). On PN30, animals were evaluated in different tests. Postnatal toluene exposure produced anxiolytic-like effects in the burying behavior test, and the T/T group received the highest number of electrical shocks. Antinociception was observed in the T, A/T, and T/T groups in the hotplate test. All toluene treatments impaired short-term memory in the object recognition test, but only postnatal exposure impaired long-term memory in the passive avoidance test. Sensitization occurred in the T/T group in locomotor activity. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to a concentration of toluene that does not produce evident malformations can modify behavioral toluene's effects in adolescent rats.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Binge Toluene Exposure in Adolescent Rats

López‐Rubalcava¹,

Chávez-Alvarez²,

Huerta-Rivas³

et al. 2014

Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research

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“…While inhalant abuse continues to be a lesser recognized form of substance abuse, products that are typically abused are easily accessible, easily used, and easily concealed. Abuse typically involves 15 to 20 inhalations of very high solvent concentrations (usually several thousand ppm) which occur over a very short period of time (10-15 minutes) [11,31]. While the exact concentration inhaled varies by compound, estimates are between 5,000 and 15,000 ppm for toluene, one of the most commonly abused solvents [16,65].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased sensitivity in adolescent vs. adult rats to the locomotor activating effects of toluene

Bowen¹,

Charlesworth²,

Tokarz³

et al. 2007

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Volatile organic solvent (inhalant) abuse continues to be a major health concern throughout the world. Of particular concern is the abuse of inhalants by adolescents because of its toxicity and link to illicit drug use. Toluene, which is found in many products such as glues and household cleaners, is among the most commonly abused organic solvents. While studies have assessed outcomes of exposure to inhalants in adult male animals, there is little research on the neurobehavioral effects of inhalants in female or younger animals. In attempt to address these shortcomings, we exposed male and female Long-Evans rats to 20 min of 0, 2,000, 4,000, or 8,000 parts per million (ppm) inhaled toluene for 10 days in rats aged postnatal (PN) day 28-39 (adolescent), PN44-PN55, or >PN70 (adult). Animals were observed individually in 29-l transparent glass cylindrical jars equipped with standard photocells that were used to measure locomotor activity. Toluene significantly increased activity as compared to air exposure in all groups of male and female rats with the magnitude of locomotor stimulation produced by 4000 ppm toluene being significantly greater for female adults than during any age of adolescence. The results demonstrate that exposure to abuse patterns of high concentrations of toluene through inhalation can alter spontaneous locomotor behavior in rats and that the expression of these effects appears to depend upon the postnatal age of testing and sex of the animal.

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“…According to di erent authors, solvent abusers can inhale concentrations several hundreds of times the occupational exposure limits (OEL) by`hu ng' from clothes or`sni ng' from a bag to concentrate the vapours (see Marjot & McLeod, 1989). There is considerable investigation about the e ects of prolonged exposure to levels pertinent to occupational exposure (Angerer & Lehnert, 1979;Snyder, 1987;Anger, 1990) but little is known about the e ects of acute exposure to high concentrations of inhalants as well as the underlying cellular mechanisms of action of these substances (Balster, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of volatile solvents on recombinant N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Cruz

Balster

Woodward

2000

British J Pharmacology

109

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1 We have previously shown that toluene dose-dependently inhibits recombinant N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptors at micromolar concentrations. This inhibition was rapid, almost complete and reversible. The NR1/2B combination was the most sensitive receptor subtype tested with an IC 50 value for toluene of 0.17 mM.2 We now report on the e ects of other commonly abused solvents (benzene, m-xylene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, 1,1,1-trichlorethane (TCE) and those of a convulsive solvent, 2,2,2-tri¯uoroethyl ether (¯urothyl), on NMDA-induced currents measured in Xenopus oocytes expressing NR1/2A or NR1/2B receptor subtypes. 3 All of the alkylbenzenes and TCE produced a reversible inhibition of NMDA-induced currents that was dose-and subunit-dependent. The NR1/2B receptor subtype was several times more sensitive to these compounds than the NR1/2A subtype. 4 The convulsant solvent¯urothyl had no e ect on NMDA responses in oocytes but potently inhibited ion¯ux through recombinant GABA receptors expressed in oocytes. 5 Overall, these results suggest that abused solvents display pharmacological selectivity and that NR1/2B NMDA receptors may be an important target for the actions of these compounds on the brain.

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Chronic Non-neurological Toxicity from Volatile Substance Abuse

Cited by 70 publications

References 44 publications

Long-Term Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Binge Toluene Exposure in Adolescent Rats

Long-Term Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Binge Toluene Exposure in Adolescent Rats

Decreased sensitivity in adolescent vs. adult rats to the locomotor activating effects of toluene

Effects of volatile solvents on recombinant N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

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