“…Also, large scale, climate change-related sea surface warming (Hoegh-Guldberg, 1999;Li & Reidenbach, 2014), massive coral bleaching (Miller, Muller, Rogers, Waara et al, 2009), mass coral mortalities (Miller, Waara, Muller & Rogers, 2006), and ocean acidification (Pandolfi, Connolly, Marshall & Cohen, 2011) have resulted in significant biodiversity loss (Jones, McCormick, Srinivasan & Eagle, 2004) and in the alteration of ecosystem functions (Bellwood, Hughes, Folke & Nyström, 2004), benefits (Veron, Hoegh-Guldberg, Lenton, Lough et al, 2009), and resilience (Carilli, Norris, Black, Walsh et al, 2009;Elmhirst, Connolly & Hughes, 2009;Anthony, Maynard, Dí az-Pulido, Mumby et al, 2011). Large-scale, climate change-related phenomena often operate atop of multiple local scale factors, which in combination, can often magnify local impacts on coral reef ecosystem resilience (Hughes, Rodrigues, Bellwood, Ceccarelli et al, 2007;Ledlie, Graham, Bythell, Wilson et al, 2007;Vega-Thurber, Burkepile, Fuchs, Shantz et al, 2013;Duprey, Yasuhara & Baker, 2016) and on overall biodiversity (Foden, Maze, Vié , Angulo et al, 2008;Bellard, Environmental Management and Sustainable Development ISSN 2164-7682 2017 Bertelsmeier, Leadley, Thuiller et al, 2012;Rogers, 2013).…”