Chronic pain/dysaesthesiae in spinal cord injury patients: results of a multicentre study

Störmer, S; Gerner, Hans Jürgen; Grüninger, W.; Metzmacher, K; Föllinger, S; Wienke, Ch; Aldinger, W; Walker, Natalie; Zimmermann, Marco; Paeslack, Volkmar

doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3100411

Cited by 225 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Neuropathic pain thought to be due to damage to the spinal cord and presenting topographically in the dermatomes below the damaged segments has been variously called spinal cord pain, phantom pain, diffuse pain, central remote pain, deafferentation pain, below level central pain and SCI pain. 5,[10][11][12][13][14][15] Such a confusion of number and nature of pain subtypes, and terms used, obviously impedes communication between clinicians, researchers and others. The authors agreed that it would be worthwhile to create a consensus classification based on international input and state-of-the-art basic and clinical scholarship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification: part I. Background and description

et al. 2011

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Study design: Discussion of issues and development of consensus. Objective: Present the background, purpose, development process, format and definitions of the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain (ISCIP) Classification. Methods: An international group of spinal cord injury (SCI) and pain experts deliberated over 2 days, and then via e-mail communication developed a consensus classification of pain after SCI. The classification was reviewed by members of several professional organizations and their feedback was incorporated. The classification then underwent validation by an international group of clinicians with minimal exposure to the classification, using case study vignettes. Based upon the results of this study, further revisions were made to the ISCIP Classification. Results: An overall structure and terminology has been developed and partially validated as a merger of and improvement on previously published SCI pain classifications, combined with basic definitions proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain and pain characteristics described in published empiric studies of pain. The classification is designed to be comprehensive and to include pains that are directly related to the SCI pathology as well as pains that are common after SCI but are not necessarily mechanistically related to the SCI itself. Conclusions:The format and definitions presented should help experienced and non-experienced clinicians as well as clinical researchers classify pain after SCI.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification: part I. Background and description

et al. 2011

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“…Pain in persons with SCI has been found to interfere with daily activities beyond the functional limitations related to the injury 47,52,60,69,70. A recent survey found that participants with SCI-related pain rated only a few pharmacological pain treatments as more than "somewhat" helpful 76.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitions, Coping, and Social Environment Predict Adjustment to Pain in Spinal Cord Injury

Raichle

Hanley

Jensen

et al. 2007

The Journal of Pain

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The current study examined the utility of a biopsychosocial model of chronic pain, and the associations between specific pain-related beliefs, coping, and social support and both mental health and pain interference, in persons with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and pain. A total of 157 patients completed surveys assessing physical and psychological functioning, as well as psychosocial, demographic, and injury-related variables. Greater catastrophizing and pain-related beliefs (e.g., the belief that pain signals damage) were related with increased pain interference and poorer mental health, while coping styles (e.g., resting, asking for assistance) were related only with pain interference. Alternatively, greater perceived social support was related with better mental health. The findings are consistent with a biopsychosocial model, implicating the need to consider the impact of process and clinical variables on adjustment to chronic pain in persons with SCI.Perspective: This article identifies several psychosocial variables, including coping, catastrophizing, pain-related beliefs, and social support, that are related to adjustment in persons with SCI and pain. These results have implications for interventions designed to treat pain interference in persons with SCI.Keywords mental health; coping; spinal cord injury; pain Pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) is well-documented, with prevalence rates from 11% to 94%, and reports of 'current' pain problems between 67% to 79% 14. Pain in persons with SCI has been found to interfere with daily activities beyond the functional limitations related to the injury 47,52,60,69,70. A recent survey found that participants with SCI-related pain rated only a few pharmacological pain treatments as more than "somewhat" helpful 76.These issues highlight the importance of identifying psychosocial variables related to adjustment and pain interference in persons with SCI-related pain. Biopsychosocial models of pain recognize the likely impact of both biological and psychosocial components. The most common psychosocial categories within the biopsychosocial model (i.e., cognitions and appraisals, coping responses, and social environmental variables 50) have evidenced Correspondence to: Katherine A. Raichle, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Seattle University, 901 12 th Ave, Box 222000, Seattle, WA 98122-1090. Tel.: 206-296-2815. Fax: 206-296-2141. E-mail: raichlek@seattleu.edu + Now at Department of Psychology, Seattle University, Seattle, WA;°N ow at Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and al...

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“…[13][14][15] Therefore, both sets of factors should be considered in the design of an integrated strategy to manage pain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Types and effectiveness of treatments used by people with chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: influence of pain and psychosocial characteristics

2003

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Study design: Postal survey. Objectives: Because of the high prevalence and inadequate control of pain following spinal cord injury (SCI), it is important to have information about the factors associated with the use of specific pain therapies. We conducted this study to evaluate the ability of pain characteristics and psychosocial factors to predict the use of treatments. Setting: The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis (Miami, FL, USA). Methods: People with SCI (n ¼ 120) were mailed a packet containing a questionnaire with questions regarding demographic factors, pain characteristics, and pain treatments along with a copy of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Results: A total of 59% of the respondents had been prescribed treatment or self-initiated efforts to treat pain over the previous 18-month period. The most common treatments used by this sample were massage (26.6%), opioids (22.5%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (20%). The most effective treatments overall were 'physical therapies' with 50% receiving these treatments indicating that their pain was 'considerably reduced' or that they were 'pain free.' Opioids and anticonvulsants were perceived to be the most effective pharmacological agents prescribed (33.3 and 23.8% reporting their pain was considerably better or eliminated, respectively). People using prescription medication reported significantly greater pain severity, more widespread pain, more descriptive adjectives, more evoked pain, greater difficulty in dealing with pain, and more interference and decreased activity levels due to pain, compared to people not using prescription medication. A combination of greater difficulty in dealing with pain, intense pain, presence of evoked pain, and higher level of perceived support from significant others was predictive of taking prescription medication. Conclusion: People taking prescription medication reported significantly more intense pain with neuropathic characteristics that significantly affected daily life and routine activities. A substantial percentage of individuals with pain related to SCI did not obtain significant pain relief from prescription medications. None of the factors assessed predicted the use of nonprescription treatments. The results of this study confirm the inadequacy of available modalities to manage chronic pain related to SCI.

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Chronic pain/dysaesthesiae in spinal cord injury patients: results of a multicentre study

Cited by 225 publications

References 8 publications

International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification: part I. Background and description

International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification: part I. Background and description

Cognitions, Coping, and Social Environment Predict Adjustment to Pain in Spinal Cord Injury

Types and effectiveness of treatments used by people with chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: influence of pain and psychosocial characteristics

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