Chronic pain in a community-based sample of men with spinal cord injury: Prevalence, severity, and relationship with impairment, disability, handicap, and subjective well-being

Rintala, Diana H.; Loubser, Paul G.; Castro, Josephine; Hart, Karen A.; Fuhrer, Marcus J.

doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(98)90032-6

Cited by 244 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Shoulder and upper limb pain were more prevalent in the age group of 50-o60 years, which could be due to the ageing process and due to the higher perception of pain by older individuals. 2,7,12,13 The existing literature supports the finding of association of pain and age, with greater pain intensity being found to be associated with older age. 7,12,13 The reason could be the decrease in plasticity of the central nervous system with age, as far as neurogenic pain is concerned, as well as overuse of supra-lesional joints leading to osteo-articular pains.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…1 It was found to be associated with age, 1 time since injury (linear relationship) 3,7 but reports about association between pain and the neurologic level of the SCI were contradictory. 1 The existing literature suggests that pain, whether acute or chronic, leads to loss of function, interferes with activities of daily living and demands for assistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pain after paraplegia: a survey in India

Gupta¹,

Solomon

Raja

2009

Spinal Cord

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Study design: A postal survey. Objective: To ascertain the incidence of pain in individuals with paraplegia in India and to associate it with demographic characteristics. Setting: India. Method: The study was done by means of a questionnaire. This questionnaire was mailed to the identified individuals (n ¼ 600) on the addresses obtained from the medical records section of hospitals and from various organizations. Data analysis was done by using non-parametric tests of association. Results: The return rate was 46% (276/600). Fifty-seven percent of individuals complained of pain. Of this, pain in the back and chest ranked the highest (30.1%), followed by pain below the level of lesion (6.9%), pain in the shoulder and upper limb (4.7%) and neck (0.4%). Fifteen percent of individuals complained of pain at multiple sites. We found a significant association of pain with age, duration since injury and ambulation. Conclusion: More than half of the subjects complained of pain in the study. Pain was found to be associated with age, duration since injury and ambulation. As pain has a dramatic effect on a subjects' quality of life, there is a need to evaluate it in detail and treat accordingly with preventive, rehabilitative or surgical procedures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain after paraplegia: a survey in India

Gupta¹,

Solomon

Raja

2009

Spinal Cord

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“…The presence of persistent pain in persons with SCI makes it more difficult for them to achieve an optimal quality of life following their injury. 7,8 A wide range of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments have been used to control pain following SCI. Treatment, however, is often inadequate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Types and effectiveness of treatments used by people with chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: influence of pain and psychosocial characteristics

2003

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Study design: Postal survey. Objectives: Because of the high prevalence and inadequate control of pain following spinal cord injury (SCI), it is important to have information about the factors associated with the use of specific pain therapies. We conducted this study to evaluate the ability of pain characteristics and psychosocial factors to predict the use of treatments. Setting: The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis (Miami, FL, USA). Methods: People with SCI (n ¼ 120) were mailed a packet containing a questionnaire with questions regarding demographic factors, pain characteristics, and pain treatments along with a copy of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Results: A total of 59% of the respondents had been prescribed treatment or self-initiated efforts to treat pain over the previous 18-month period. The most common treatments used by this sample were massage (26.6%), opioids (22.5%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (20%). The most effective treatments overall were 'physical therapies' with 50% receiving these treatments indicating that their pain was 'considerably reduced' or that they were 'pain free.' Opioids and anticonvulsants were perceived to be the most effective pharmacological agents prescribed (33.3 and 23.8% reporting their pain was considerably better or eliminated, respectively). People using prescription medication reported significantly greater pain severity, more widespread pain, more descriptive adjectives, more evoked pain, greater difficulty in dealing with pain, and more interference and decreased activity levels due to pain, compared to people not using prescription medication. A combination of greater difficulty in dealing with pain, intense pain, presence of evoked pain, and higher level of perceived support from significant others was predictive of taking prescription medication. Conclusion: People taking prescription medication reported significantly more intense pain with neuropathic characteristics that significantly affected daily life and routine activities. A substantial percentage of individuals with pain related to SCI did not obtain significant pain relief from prescription medications. None of the factors assessed predicted the use of nonprescription treatments. The results of this study confirm the inadequacy of available modalities to manage chronic pain related to SCI.

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“…Such health issues include a propensity to chronic pain and stress, 1 and a reduction in perceived quality of life (PQOL). 2 To emphasize the importance of these issues, it should be noted that several mechanisms may be responsible for the existence of chronic pain, 3,4 which may coexist above, at and below the level of the SCI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 The existence of this pain has been found to increase the already heightened stress levels in individuals with SCI and further decrease their quality of life. 1 Finally, the perceptions of this pain may be quite intense. For example, in a survey of 200 individuals with SCI, 25% of the respondents described their pain as severe to extreme, 44% stated that their pain interfered with daily activities, and 37% of the individuals with higher level injuries and 23% of the individuals with lower level injuries reported that they would trade pain relief for loss of bladder, bowel or sexual function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance of exercise participation in individuals with spinal cord injury: effects on quality of life, stress and pain

et al. 2003

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Study design: Follow-up study of seven individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) who completed a 9-month randomized control trial (RCT) of exercise training. Objective: In a 9-month RCT conducted in our lab, individuals with SCI who participated in a twice-weekly supervised exercise training reported greater perceived quality of life (PQOL), and less stress and pain than a nonexercising control cohort. The present follow-up study examined the voluntary continuation of exercise training after the study ended and the persistence of the accrued psychosocial benefits. Setting: Centre for Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Methods: Five men and two women (age 42.373.6 years) with SCI (C5-T12; ASIA A-D 12.778.2 years postinjury) were invited to continue supervised exercise training twice weekly at the completion of the 9-month RCT. Exercise adherence, PQOL, stress and bodily pain were measured at a 3-month follow-up and were compared to values obtained at baseline, and at 3, 6 and 9 months during the intervention. Results: There was a significant decrease in adherence at the 3-month follow-up compared to the overall 9-month adherence rate (42.7 versus 80.6%, respectively; Po0.01). There was also a significant decrease in PQOL (Po0.05) and a trend for increased pain (P ¼ 0.07) and stress (P ¼ 0.12), at follow-up compared to the end of the 9-month trial. Finally, there was a significant negative correlation between pain at the conclusion of the RCT and exercise adherence over the 3-month follow-up period (r ¼ À0.91; Po0.01).

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Chronic pain in a community-based sample of men with spinal cord injury: Prevalence, severity, and relationship with impairment, disability, handicap, and subjective well-being

Cited by 244 publications

References 28 publications

Pain after paraplegia: a survey in India

Pain after paraplegia: a survey in India

Types and effectiveness of treatments used by people with chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: influence of pain and psychosocial characteristics

Maintenance of exercise participation in individuals with spinal cord injury: effects on quality of life, stress and pain

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