Chronic Pain: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms

Christiansen, Sandy; Cohen, Steven P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60361-2_2

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The suppression of COX-2 expression caused inhibition of PGE2 release and prevented membrane depolarization. A low membrane potential would inhibit the release of pain neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, decreasing the interaction between glutamate and its receptor NMDAR2B (9,11). The composition between NMDA subunits NR2A and NR2B is essential in the synaptogenesis process, especially in chronic pain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased PGE2 levels activate nociceptors and stimulate signal transmission from peripheral nerves to the central nervous system through the release of glutamate, a key excitatory neurotransmitter in chronic pain. The binding of glutamate to its receptor, especially the Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), is related to the sensitization of pain as hyperalgesia and allodynia (8)(9)(10). The NMDAR is composed of two subunits: NR1 and NR2A-NR2D (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Red Ginger Oil Affects COX-2 and NMDAR Expression During Inflammatory- or Neuropathy-Induced Chronic Pain in Mice

Fajrin

Hidayanti

Khoiroh

et al. 2021

Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod

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Background: Chronic pain treatment until now is still challenging because of its complex pathopgysiology. Previously, red ginger oil (RGO) reduced pain behavior in a mouse model of chronic pain, but the mechanisms were unclear. Objectives: This study examined the effect of RGO on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) using inflammatory- or neuropathy-induced chronic pain in mice. Methods: Red ginger was distilled with composition 1:2 using water. The acute toxicity of RGO was evaluated using OECD guidelines 423. Chronic pain was induced in 48 mice by either (1) intraplantar injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) (inflammatory group) or (2) partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) (neuropathy group). After seven days, mice were randomly divided into sham, CFA/PSNL, or RGO (at doses of 100, 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg) treatment groups. Treatments were given orally once daily until day 14. On day 15, mice were euthanized, and the brains and spinal cords were removed and fixed in 10% formalin. Hyperalgesia behavior was evaluated using hot plate test. Spinal cord morphology was analyzed via hematoxylin and eosin staining. COX-2 and NMDAR expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: RGO treatment improved spinal cord morphology after the induction of chronic pain. RGO at 600 mg/kg also reduced COX-2 expression in the spinal cord and brain, and reduced NMDAR2B in the spinal cord. However, RGO at 600 mg/kg increased NMDAR2A expression in the spinal cord. Conclusions: RGO administration diminished hyperalgesia in chronic pain models through inhibition of COX-2 and NMDAR2B.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Ginger Oil Affects COX-2 and NMDAR Expression During Inflammatory- or Neuropathy-Induced Chronic Pain in Mice

Fajrin

Hidayanti

Khoiroh

et al. 2021

Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod

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“…Reorganization of cortical neurotransmitters occurs after injury and this can induce central sensitization, hyperalgesia, and allodynia ( 4 , 5 ). Changes in the brain as a result of chronic pain can impact cognitive and emotional health, resulting in poor welfare states ( 6 , 7 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does chronic pain impact the lives of dogs: an investigation of factors that are associated with pain using the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid

Malkani,

Paramasivam,

Wolfensohn

2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionChronic pain can profoundly affect the wellbeing of dogs and our understanding is limited regarding the multidimensional impact it has on dog quality of life. This study aimed to assess the factors that are significant and predictive of behavior problems in dogs using the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid (AWAG) to further understand what factors influence their welfare.MethodsSeventy six AWAG assessments were undertaken across 46 dogs that clinicians diagnosed as having musculoskeletal conditions that caused chronic pain. Wilcoxon-rank sum tests were used to assess the difference in scores between dogs with behavior disorders and a cohort of healthy dogs (n = 143).ResultsAll physical factors besides body condition, and all psychological, environmental, and procedural factors were significantly different between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic pain, evidencing how chronic pain impacts all domains of a dog’s life. Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient (RS) revealed several significant strong positive correlations such as the association between the severity of clinical symptoms with poorer mobility and the frequency at which the dog experienced fearful stimuli. Logistic regression showed that fears and anxieties frequency, the dog’s reaction to stressors, engagement with enrichment, and social interactions were significant predictors of chronic pain in dogs.DiscussionThis highlights that typical signs of musculoskeletal disorders such as gait changes, stiffness, lameness might manifest after behavioral changes such as increased fearfulness, prolonged recovery from a stressful event, a reduced interested in social interactions, toys or play. Owners only seeking veterinary attention when the presence of physical signs of disease are evident may result in a delayed veterinary attention resulting in reduced welfare. Regular veterinary assessments combined with use of the AWAG can proactively identify these behavioral indicators and result in prompt treatment and improved quality of life.

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“…2 Numerous mechanisms are involved at several stages from transduction and transmission through to modulation and perception. 3 Chronic pain is a major source of suffering and one of the most common reasons to consult health care personnel. It interferes with daily living and is often accompanied by significant distress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge and attitudes towards the management of chronic pain among healthcare providers in outpatient departments at the University Teaching Hospital of Butare (CHUB)

Gaston¹,

Dieu²,

Elias³

et al. 2021

JACCOA

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Introduction: Chronic pain is a major source of suffering and is a leading reason for many patients to consult health care personnel. It interferes with, and disrupts, activities of daily living and may be accompanied by distress. Irrespective of its etiology or classification, health care professionals require a good understanding of chronic pain in order to provide appropriate treatment and care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a sample of 80 participants obtained by using a convenience sampling method. Data were obtained by completing a questionnaire entitled “Knowledge and attitude survey towards pain” and analyzed by using descriptive statistics, chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient and cross tabulation using SPSS. Results: Overall knowledge was inadequate. More than two thirds of participants obtained a score below 50%. There was also negative attitude, almost 51% of the participants have negative attitude to pain management. Higher level of knowledge was associated with medical profession, highest of qualification and training on pain management. Conclusion: The knowledge and attitudes of this sample of health care professionals regarding the management of chronic pain was inadequate to provide appropriate quality care for patients presenting with chronic pain conditions. This study identified the need for appropriate training for all health care professionals in order to assure adequate knowledge and skills to manage chronic pain using a multidisciplinary approach.

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Chronic Pain: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Red Ginger Oil Affects COX-2 and NMDAR Expression During Inflammatory- or Neuropathy-Induced Chronic Pain in Mice

Red Ginger Oil Affects COX-2 and NMDAR Expression During Inflammatory- or Neuropathy-Induced Chronic Pain in Mice

How does chronic pain impact the lives of dogs: an investigation of factors that are associated with pain using the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid

Knowledge and attitudes towards the management of chronic pain among healthcare providers in outpatient departments at the University Teaching Hospital of Butare (CHUB)

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