Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists attenuate fibrosis in the kidney, heart, and liver by suppressing transforming growth factor-1 mRNA and decreasing production of extracellular matrix proteins. We recently demonstrated that lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, alleviates pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis in male Wistar Bonn/Kobori rats. The involvement of angiotensin II receptor and its receptor interaction in the pathogenesis of spontaneous chronic pancreatitis was assessed in this model. Candesartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, was administered in drinking water (10.5, 42, or 125 mg/l) to 10-week-old male WBN/Kob rats for 10 weeks and inflammatory parameters, fibrosis, and gene expression of renin-angiotensin system components and transforming growth factor-1 were assessed in the pancreas. Immunostaining for ␣-smooth muscle actin was also performed. Candesartan significantly suppressed decrease in pancreatic weight and increases in pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity, hydroxyproline content, ratio of fibrous tissue, histologic scores, and ratio of ␣-smooth muscle actin-positive cells (activated pancreatic stellate cells) at 20 weeks. The high dose enhanced the expression of angiotensinogen and angiotensin II receptor type 2 mRNA and suppressed the overexpression of transforming growth factor-1 mRNA. The conclusion is that candesartan alleviates chronic pancreatitis and fibrosis by suppressing the overexpression of transforming growth factor-1, resulting in prevention of activation of pancreatic stellate cells in male WBN/Kob rats. We propose that angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonists may be useful for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis involving angiotensin II interaction with its receptor.The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in regulation of the systemic blood pressure, body fluid, and electrolyte balance. Angiotensin II (AT-II), an octapeptide produced by proteolytic cleavage of its precursor angiotensin I by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), is a physiologically active product of the RAS (Matsusaka and Ichikawa, 1997). It stimulates the proliferation of mesangial cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their increased synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins through induction of transforming growth factor (TGF)-1 expression both in vivo and in vitro (Matsusaka and Ichikawa, 1997;Bataller et al., 2000).Two subtypes of AT-II receptors, namely, type 1 (AT1 receptor) and type 2 (AT2 receptor) have been identified (Matsusaka and Ichikawa, 1997;Matsubara, 1998). AT1 receptor, which mediates most of the biological results of AT-II action, including vasoconstriction, cell proliferation, and production of extracellular matrix proteins, is found in the kidney, liver, adrenal cortex, and blood vessels. It is well documented that AT-II induces cell hypertrophy and ion transport in the kidney, heart, and liver, primarily through AT1 receptor (Matsusaka and Ichikawa, 1...