Chronic Parkinsonism in Humans Due to a Product of Meperidine-Analog Synthesis

Langston, J. W.; Ballard, Pl; Tetrud, J. W.; Irwin, Ian

doi:10.1126/science.6823561

Cited by 4,500 publications

(1,954 citation statements)

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“…The interest in the relationship between pesticides and PD was raised in the 1980s, when it was discovered that exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6,-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a substance structurally similar to the herbicide paraquat, resulted in chronic parkinsonism and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in humans [281]. An ecological study reported high prevalence of PD in rural agricultural regions in Canada [282].…”

Section: Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

et al. 2011

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Section: Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

et al. 2011

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“…The dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine [MPTP] is known to induce parkinsonism in hu-mans, primates, and mice ( [27,90,132,133]). MPTP is converted by astrocytes to the metabolite 1 methyl-4-phenylpyridinium [MPP + ], a substrate of the DA transporter ( [40,41]).…”

Section: Animal Models Of Parkinson's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogen anti-inflammatory activity in brain: A therapeutic opportunity for menopause and neurodegenerative diseases

Vegeto

Benedusi

Maggi

2008

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

278

206

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a b s t r a c tRecent studies highlight the prominent role played by estrogens in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) against the noxious consequences of a chronic inflammatory reaction. The neurodegenerative process of several CNS diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, is associated with the activation of microglia cells, which drive the resident inflammatory response. Chronically stimulated during neurodegeneration, microglia cells are thought to provide detrimental effects on surrounding neurons. The inhibitory activity of estrogens on neuroinflammation and specifically on microglia might thus be considered as a beneficial therapeutic opportunity for delaying the onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases; in addition, understanding the peculiar activity of this female hormone on inflammatory signalling pathways will possibly lead to the development of selected anti-inflammatory molecules. This review summarises the evidence for the involvement of microglia in neuroinflammation and the anti-inflammatory activity played by estrogens specifically in microglia.

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“…Administration of MPTP to man or non-human primates (Davis et al 1979;Langston et al 1983;Burns et al 1983) including common marmosets (Jenner et al 1984) induces a selective destruction of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons associated with a substantial decrease in dopamine content of the caudate nucleus and putamen. MPTP is converted by monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) into the dihydropyridinium species (MPDP ÷) which is converted non-enzymatically into the neurotoxic l-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP ÷; Castagnoli et al 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%