Chronic periodontitis and smoking Prevalence and dose-response relationship

Abstract

Objectives:To determine the prevalence and dose-response relationship of chronic periodontitis among smokers in Pakistan.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study among participants seeking dental care in Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 443 participants with a mean age of 44.3 (±6.5) participated in the study from April 2011 to December 2011. Males comprised 64.7%, and females comprised 35.2%. Participants were interviewed on social demographics and oral habits. Participants with shallow pockets (3.5-5.5 mm) and deep pockets (>5.5 mm) were considered suffering from chronic periodontitis. The characteristics of participants were assessed using frequency distribution for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables.Results:Among 443 participants, smokers were distributed as 55.1% and non-smokers as 44.9%. Smoking was found to be significantly related to young adults (p<0.007), male gender (p<0.001), and lower education level (p<0.01). Overall prevalence of chronic periodontitis among smokers was estimated at 81.6%. Heavy smoking was found to have significantly high prevalence (p<0.001) and severity (p<0.001) of periodontitis as compared with moderate and light smokers. The multivariate unadjusted model depicted 3.5 times higher risk of chronic periodontitis among smokers (p<0.001).Conclusion:Chronic periodontitis had a high prevalence among smokers. Heavy smoking was found to have a higher risk for having periodontitis.

Tobacco‐induced suppression of the vascular response to dental plaque

“…In many developing nations, smoking rates are rising dramatically, suggesting that an increase in the periodontitis burden in such countries should be expected. In Pakistan, for example, 55% of those with chronic periodontitis are smokers, whereas 82% of smokers have this form of disease . Hence, epidemiological data from across the globe clearly indicate an intimate association between tobacco smoking and periodontal diseases.…”

“…In Pakistan, for example, 55% of those with chronic periodontitis are smokers, whereas 82% of smokers have this form of disease. 19 Hence, epidemiological data from across the globe clearly indicate an intimate association between tobacco smoking and periodontal diseases.…”

Obesity and periodontitis in Australian adults: A population-based cross-sectional study

“…Periodontitis occurs as a pro-inflammatory state that affects the supporting periodontal tissues of the teeth. The aetiopathogenesis of periodontitis occurs as a result of the ecological interaction of dental plaque biofilm 5 and the host immune system response leading to metabolic changes in the bone and localisation of pro-inflammatory cytokines 6 , under the influence of lifestyle factors 7 and chronic co-morbidities 8 . The prevalence of periodontitis in Australia is reported to be 24.5% 9 .…”

A influência do tabagismo na doença periodontal: Uma Revisão de Literatura

“…O efeito combinado da colonização bacteriana e o efeito local e sistêmico do tabagismo são responsáveis pela maior gravidade da destruição periodontal em fumantes, conforme destaca Jang et al (2016). Estudos demonstram que, em comparação com os não fumantes, os adultos fumantes apresentam maior prevalência e gravidade da periodontite, além de sangramento gengival e sintomas inflamatórios suprimidos (KHAN et al, 2016).…”