“…An animal's cage includes its light source, the developmental chronic circadian disruption (DCCD) paradigm mimics severe shift-work with the light cycle advances dramatically every other or every fourth day ( Smarr et al, 2017 ; Ameen et al, 2022 ). Animal manipulation involves either gentle handling ( Medina et al, 2022 ; Weisman et al, 2011 ; Saré et al, 2016 , 2019 , 2022a ; Araujo et al, 2018 ; Yang et al, 2012 ; Murack et al, 2021 ) when the animal enters a sleep state, placing the animal on a platform over water where they are required to stay awake to avoid falling into the water ( da Silva Rocha-Lopes et al, 2018 ; Shaffery et al, 2006 ; Shaffery et al, 2002 ; Chen et al, 2015 ), or installing a sweeping bar that moves through the cage to enforce wakefulness ( Wallace et al, 2015 ; Atrooz et al, 2019 ). Pharmacological manipulation involves administration of a drug (e.g.…”