Chronic Social Stress, Social Status, and Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Infections in Nonhuman Primates

Cohen, Sheldon; Line, Scott W.; Manuck, Stephen B.; Rabin, Bruce S.; Heise, Eugene R.; Kaplan, Jay R.

doi:10.1097/00006842-199705000-00001

Cited by 213 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Among crab-eating (AKA long-tailed) macaques [Macaca fascicularis] exposed to frequent social reorganization, subordinates demonstrated higher norepinephrine than dominant individuals (Cohen et al, 1997). Additionally, those who responded to social reorganization with larger increases in cortisol were at greater risk for infection (Cohen et al, 1997).…”

Section: Allostatic Load During Growth a N D De V E L O P Me N Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allostatic load and biological anthropology

Edes

Crews

2017

American J Phys Anthropol

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Multiple stressors affect developing and adult organisms, thereby partly structuring their phenotypes. Determining how stressors influence health, well-being, and longevity in human and nonhuman primate populations are major foci within biological anthropology. Although much effort has been devoted to examining responses to multiple environmental and sociocultural stressors, no holistic metric to measure stress-related physiological dysfunction has been widely applied within biological anthropology. Researchers from disciplines outside anthropology are using allostatic load indices (ALIs) to estimate such dysregulation and examine life-long outcomes of stressor exposures, including morbidity and mortality. Following allostasis theory, allostatic load represents accumulated physiological and somatic damage secondary to stressors and senescent processes experienced over the lifespan. ALIs estimate this wear-and-tear using a composite of biomarkers representing neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems. Across samples, ALIs are associated significantly with multiple individual characteristics (e.g., age, sex, education, DNA variation) of interest within biological anthropology. They also predict future outcomes, including aspects of life history variation (e.g., survival, lifespan), mental and physical health, morbidity and mortality, and likely health disparities between groups, by stressor exposures, ethnicity, occupations, and degree of departure from local indigenous life ways and integration into external and commodified ones. ALIs also may be applied to similar stress-related research areas among nonhuman primates. Given the reports from multiple research endeavors, here we propose ALIs may be useful for assessing stressors, stress responses, and stress-related dysfunction, current and long-term cognitive function, health and well-being, and risk of early mortality across many research programs within biological anthropology. K E Y W O R D Saging, allostasis, frailty, growth and development, nonhuman primates, senescence, stress | I N T R O D U C T I O NTraditional research foci within biological anthropology include variations in stress, morbidity, and mortality (for reviews, see Ice & James, 2007;Little, 2010). Despite this long-term focus, the field continues to pursue a reliable, relatively easy to apply metric for assessing lifetime stress and stress-related outcomes. We suggest incorporating the theory of allostasis and methods for assessing allostatic load within anthropological theory and methodology to aid in closing this gap. As a theory, allostasis was developed to explain how mammalian physiological responses to stressors in their environments evolved to maximize the probability of survival while limiting somatic damage (Korte, Koolhaas, Wingfield, & McEwen, 2005;McEwen & Stellar, 1993;McEwen & Wingfield, 2003;Sterling, 2004Sterling, , 2012Sterling & Eyer, 1988). Unfortunately, such beneficial defensive responses come at a cost and, over time, repeated allostatic activi...

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Section: Allostatic Load During Growth a N D De V E L O P Me N Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allostatic load and biological anthropology

Edes

Crews

2017

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…It is likely that this social structure has some bearing on the fate of at least some of the females in a group. Indeed, in many captive primates, especially macaques, social stress has been found to influence the incidence or progression of diseases such as atherosclerosis (Williams et al 1991, Shively & Clarkson 1994, Shively et al 2000, Kaplan et al 1996, Skantze et al 1998, respiratory infections (Cohen et al 1997, Cohen 1999) and depression (Shively et al 1997a(Shively et al , 1997b(Shively et al , 2005. Moreover, the relationship between social status and social stress is particularly consistent among females, with an inverse relationship between status and stress (Kaplan et al 1984, Saltzman et al 1991, Shively et al 1997a, 1997b.…”

Section: Ttd (Years)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Age as a determinant of reproductive success among captive female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Gagliardi¹,

Liukkonen²,

Phillippi-Falkenstein³

et al. 2007

Reproduction

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A retrospective analysis was performed on fertility outcomes among a colony of captive Indian rhesus monkeys. The analysis covered over 30 years and was based on 1443 females with a total of 11 453 pregnancies. Various determinants of fertility were assessed including birth rates, pregnancy loss, infant survival, interbirth intervals, and interval from last birth to death. Binary variables were analyzed with generalized linear models with random intercepts, while linear mixed models were used for analysis of continuous variables. Age of the dam was a significant factor in determining whether a pregnancy resulted in a birth and whether an infant survived the first 30 days with primiparous or older mothers being less likely to produce an infant surviving to that age. In contrast, sex proved to be the only significant factor in determining whether an infant lived to 1 year, with females being more likely to survive. The interval between births proved to be affected primarily by dam age, while the late death of an infant depressed the likelihood of an extended time interval between her last birth and her death. Overall, these results demonstrate that maternal age contributes significantly to a decline in fertility and older females can live relatively long periods following birth of their last infant.

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“…When the same monkey experiences a different rank, when the monkey groups are shuffled, the monkey's rank, not its identity, predicts the protection it receives; these experiments have been partially replicated among humans. 21 So we have a correlation between socioeconomic status and health and evidence that the correlation is causal, at least in part. We have come a long way toward the "upstream" policy stance of (for example) the Acheson report, that population health is best addressed by income-support schemes for the poor, supported (pre-sumably, although the sources of finance are never clearly stated) by increased taxation of the better-off.…”

Section: What Causes the Gradient If Not Income?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy Implications Of The Gradient Of Health And Wealth

2002

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Men in the United States with family incomes in the top 5 percent of the distribution in 1980 had about 25 percent longer to live than did those in the bottom 5 percent. Proportional increases in income are associated with equal proportional decreases in mortality throughout the income distribution. I discuss possible reasons for this gradient and ask whether it calls for the redistribution of income in the interest of public health. I argue that the existence of the gradient strengthens the case for income redistribution in favor of the poor but that targeting health inequalities would not be sound policy.

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Chronic Social Stress, Social Status, and Susceptibility to Upper Respiratory Infections in Nonhuman Primates

Abstract: Social stress was not associated with susceptibility to infection. However, animals with lower social status were at higher risk than high social status animals.

Cited by 213 publications

References 27 publications

Allostatic load and biological anthropology

Allostatic load and biological anthropology

Age as a determinant of reproductive success among captive female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Policy Implications Of The Gradient Of Health And Wealth

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