Chronic stress impairs spatial memory and motivation for reward without disrupting motor ability and motivation to explore.

Kleen, Jonathan K.; Sitomer, Matthew T.; Killeen, Peter R.; Conrad, Cheryl D.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.4.842

Cited by 154 publications

(126 citation statements)

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“…While the 6h/21d group may have had less access to food compared to the other groups, we have previously shown that chronically stressed rats that are food restricted actually consume more food to maintain their weights than control rats (Kleen et al, 2006). Additional evidence illustrating that stress-induced weight loss is not dependent upon food access is shown in studies using the stress hormone, corticosterone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…While some reports demonstrate that chronic stress impairs motivation (Mizoguchi et al, 2002), including studies using chronic restraint for 6h/21d (Kleen et al, 2006), most chronically stressed rats tested on the Y-maze show motivation to explore (Conrad et al, 1996;Wright and Conrad, 2005;Wright et al, 2006). One of the advantages of using the Ymaze is that motivation is dependent on a rat's innate interest in novelty seeking, and food restriction is not needed to motivate rats to perform (for review see Conrad, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the advantages of using the Ymaze is that motivation is dependent on a rat's innate interest in novelty seeking, and food restriction is not needed to motivate rats to perform (for review see Conrad, 2006). Indeed, when restraint for 6h/21d is combined with food restriction, rats show decreases in motivation for food reward, but continue to show motivation to explore the Y-maze (Kleen et al, 2006). Moreover, both Mizoguchi et al (2002) and Kleen et al (2006) show that while chronic stress may affect some aspects of motivation, motor ability remains functional.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of restraint involves a physical component (immobilization), but acts primarily as a psychological stressor through awareness of the inability to escape (Glavin et al, 1994;Servatius et al, 2000). In addition to inducing hippocampal dendritic retraction, chronic restraint stress has also been widely used to assess other hippocampal properties including molecular expression and synaptic activity (Donahue et al, 2006;Ejchel-Cohen et al, 2006;Gao et al, 2006;McEwen, 1999;Stewart et al, 2005;Venero et al, 2002), and hippocampal-dependent behaviors such as spatial memory (Bowman et al, 2003;Conrad et al, 1996;Kleen et al, 2006;Luine et al, 1996;McLaughlin et al, 2005;Sandi et al, 2003;Srikumar et al, 2006). Earlier work with chronic restraint has emphasized that 6h/13d of restraint does not alter hippocampal dendritic complexity, and males tested under this paradigm actually show a slight enhancement in spatial memory on the radial arm maze (Luine et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hippocampus plays a critical role in spatial memory ability because damage to the hippocampus corresponds with spatial memory impairments in both lab animals (Conrad et al, 1996;Fortin et al, 2002;Kleen et al, 2006;Luine et al, 1996) and humans (Astur et al, 2002;Kessels et al, 2001;King et al, 2002). Chronic stress may affect hippocampal function through such mechanisms as CA3 neuronal remodeling (for review, see Conrad, 2006), suppression of synaptic activity (Kim and Diamond, 2002;Stewart et al, 2005), and altered neurogenesis (for review, see Leuner et al, 2006;Shors, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of chronic stress on hippocampal morphology and function: An evaluation of chronic restraint paradigms

et al. 2007

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Chronic restraint stress for 6h/21d causes hippocampal CA3 apical dendritic retraction, which parallels spatial memory impairments in male rats. Recent research suggests that chronic immobilization stress for 2h/10d induces CA3 dendritic retraction (Vyas et al., 2002) and questions whether CA3 dendritic retraction and spatial memory deficits can be produced sooner than found following 6h/21d of restraint stress. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of four different durations of chronic restraint stress (varied by hours/day and total number of days) and the subsequent effects on hippocampal CA3 morphology and spatial memory in the same male Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that only rats exposed to the 6h/21d restraint paradigm exhibited CA3 apical dendritic retraction, consistent spatial memory deficits, and decreased body weight gain compared to experimental counterparts and controls. While chronically stressing a rat with wire mesh restraint has a physical component, it acts primarily as a psychological stressor, and these findings support the interpretation that chronic psychological stress produces hippocampal-dependent cognitive deficits that are consistent with hippocampal structural changes. Differences in stress effects observed across different studies may be due to rat strain, type of stressor, and housing conditions; however, the current findings support the use of chronic restraint stress, with wire mesh, for 6h/21d as a reliable and efficient method to produce psychological stress and to cause CA3 dendritic retraction and spatial memory deficits in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of chronic stress on hippocampal morphology and function: An evaluation of chronic restraint paradigms

et al. 2007

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Recapitulation and Reversal of a Persistent Depression‐like Syndrome in Rodents

2009

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Alterations in multiple biological functions, such as transcription factor activity, are implicated in the neurobiology of depression based primarily on the characterization of antidepressant efficacy in naïve rodents rather than on models that capture the protracted feelings of anhedonia and helplessness that typify depression. In order to address this issue, the authors developed protocols in rats and mice calling for chronic oral exposure to the stress-associated adrenal hormone, corticosterone (CORT), resulting in anhedonic-and helplessness-like behaviors that are persistent yet reversible by chronic antidepressant treatment. Prior CORT exposure also chronically influences molecular targets hypothesized to contribute to negative mood: One example is phosphorylation of cAMP Response Element Binding protein in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. Prior chronic CORT exposure provides an alternative method to chronic mild stress models of depression that is easily replicable and persists well beyond the CORT exposure period, thereby modeling the persistent depressive-like state in man. Keywordsstress; corticosterone; anhedonia; helplessness; CREB; hippocampus; nucleus accumbens; antidepressant Depression is a debilitating and chronic illness characterized by feelings of helplessness, anhedonia, and loss of motivation to perform even everyday tasks. Although the relationship between stress and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is incompletely understood, stressinduced cortisol release from the adrenal glands and subsequent activation of glucocorticoid receptors in brain (c.f., de Kloet, 2004) likely plays a crucial role, as stressful life events are potent factors that trigger, induce, or exacerbate major depressive episodes. While no stressinduced depression-like syndrome in rodents can fully recapitulate the human condition, a model that produces a persistent, varied behavioral sequela (including helplessness, anhedonia, and loss of sensitivity to reward) sensitive to chronic antidepressant treatment would be a major advance for understanding the neurobiology of depression (c.f., Willner et al., 1987Willner et al., , 2005.Correspondence: Jane Taylor, PhD, CT Mental Health Center, Ribicoff Labs, 34 Park St., New Haven, CT 06508, jane.taylor@yale.edu;. NOTE: All protocols using live animals must first be reviewed and approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) or conform to governmental regulations regarding the care and use of laboratory animals.The authors declare they have no competing financial interests. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptCurr Protoc Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 October 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThis unit presents a depression model based on oral exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) in its hemisuccinate form in rodents (also see Gourley et al., 2008; in press). The use of CORT hemisuccinate for oral administration provides an alternative to dissolving CORT in small amount...

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Effects of Chronic Stress on Memory and Neuroplasticity: Animal Studies

Sandi

2011

The Handbook of Stress

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Chronic stress impairs spatial memory and motivation for reward without disrupting motor ability and motivation to explore.

Cited by 154 publications

References 60 publications

The effects of chronic stress on hippocampal morphology and function: An evaluation of chronic restraint paradigms

The effects of chronic stress on hippocampal morphology and function: An evaluation of chronic restraint paradigms

Recapitulation and Reversal of a Persistent Depression‐like Syndrome in Rodents

Effects of Chronic Stress on Memory and Neuroplasticity: Animal Studies

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