Chronic Swimming Exercise Ameliorates Low-Soybean-Oil Diet-Induced Spatial Memory Impairment by Enhancing BDNF-Mediated Synaptic Potentiation in Developing Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Abstract

Exercise and low-fat diets are common lifestyle modifications used for the treatment of hypertension besides drug therapy. However, unrestrained low-fat diets may result in deficiencies of low-unsaturated fatty acids and carry contingent risks of delaying neurodevelopment. While aerobic exercise shows positive neuroprotective effects, it is still unclear whether exercise could alleviate the impairment of neurodevelopment that may be induced by certain low-fat diets. In this research, developing spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with chronic swimming exercise and/or a low-soybean-oil diet for 6 weeks. We found that performance in the Morris water maze was reduced and long-term potentiation in the hippocampus was suppressed by the diet, while a combination treatment of exercise and diet alleviated the impairment induced by the specific low-fat diet. Moreover, the combination treatment effectively increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR), which were both down-regulated by the low-soybean-oil diet in the hippocampus of developing SHR. These findings suggest that chronic swimming exercise can ameliorate the low-soybean-oil diet-induced learning and memory impairment in developing SHR through the up-regulation of BDNF and NMDAR expression.

Neurobiological effects of forced swim exercise on the rodent hippocampus: a systematic review

“…studies described incorporated swimming with nutritional or pharmacological intervention and 30.3% studied pathological states such as hypertension (Cheng et al, 2018;Cardoso et al, 2019), neurodegeneration (Souza et al, 2013;Nasehi et al, 2014;Zhong et al, 2016;Joukar et al, 2017;Wu et al, 2018;Belviranlı and Okudan, 2019), multiple sclerosis (Jin et al, 2014), aging (Kou et al, 2017), depression (Sigwalt et al, 2011), focal cerebral infarction (Song et al, 2012), toxicity or stress (Liu et al, 2010;Basha and Sujitha, 2012;Dief et al, 2015).…”

“…In studies that combined nutritional interventions and exercise were applied variable doses of grape seed polyphenols (Abhijit et al, 2018), naringenin (August et al, 2018), caffeine (Cechella et al, 2014b), diphenyl diselenide (Cechella et al, 2014c;2014a), organoselenium enriched-diet (Cechella et al, 2018), low-soybean-oil enriched-diet (Teixeira et al, 2011;Cheng et al, 2018), vitamin B1 (Dief et al, 2015), fish oil (dos , curcumin (Feizolahi et al, 2019), genistein (Habibi et al, 2017), Decalepis hamiltonii extract (Ravikiran et al, 2016) and ginsenoside (Xu et al, 2013). Likewise, for pharmacological interventions in association with exercise testosterone-enanthate (Joksimovic et al, 2017a;2017b;, nandrolone decanoate (Selakovic et al, 2017), sildenafil (Ozbeyli et al, 2015) were analyzed.…”

“…The main marker used for the neurotrophins measurement was BDNF, found in 20 studies (Sigwalt et al, 2011;Alomari et al, 2013;Khabour et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2013;Jiang et al, 2014;Dief et al, 2015;Marcelino et al, 2016;Niknazar et al, 2016;Badowska-Szalewska et al, 2017;Habibi et al, 2017;Souza et al, 2017;Cechella et al, 2018;Cheng et al, 2018;dos Santos et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018;Belviranlı and Okudan, 2019;Feizolahi et al, 2019;Klein et al, 2019).…”

“…It is known that BDNF is largely involved in cognitive brain functions. It is most evident in the hippocampus, where improvements in learning and memory are correlated with higher levels as it can induce axonal and dendritic remodeling, synaptogenesis, and raise synaptic efficacy, effects that contribute to LTP (Alomari et al, 2016;Cheng et al, 2018). Also important is the form levels of BDNF, since they have divergent actions (Marcelino et al, 2016).…”

“…BDNF begins as the pro form, later cleaved to the mature form which binds to the TrkB to exert its effects (Sigwalt et al, 2011). The BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway act downstream activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signal cascades which in turn contribute to the maintenance of LTP with improved N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) activity (Cheng et al, 2018).…”