Chronic toxicity of tire crumb rubber particles to mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) in episodic exposures

LaPlaca, Stephanie B.; Rice, Charles D.; Hurk, Peter van den

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157447

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…As shown in Figure d, DEGs from the original TWP group were significantly enriched in DNA damage pathways, including purine metabolism and Fanconi anemia pathways. Previous works also observed that the TWP can trigger the oxidative stress response leading to further damage of DNA . Additionally, DNA repair pathways, such as homologous recombination and mismatch repair, were also significantly enriched in DEGs from the original TWP group, which reflected the resistance effect of earthworms against the threats of original TWP …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Previous works also observed that the TWP can trigger the oxidative stress response leading to further damage of DNA. 42 Additionally, DNA repair pathways, such as homologous recombination and mismatch repair, were also significantly enriched in DEGs from the original TWP group, which reflected the resistance effect of earthworms against the threats of original TWP. 43 Compared with the original TWP, the photoaged TWP may induce more severe oxidative stress responses.…”

Section: Transcriptomic Analysis Of the Toxicity Pathway To E Fetida ...mentioning

confidence: 94%

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Photoaged Tire Wear Particles Leading to the Oxidative Damage on Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) by Disrupting the Antioxidant Defense System: The Definitive Role of Environmental Free Radicals

Chen,

Liu,

Yang

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Tire wear particles (TWPs) have caused increasing concerns due to their detrimental effects on the soil ecosystem. However, the role of weathering in altering the toxicity of TWP to soil organisms is poorly understood. In this study, the toxicity of original and photoaged TWP was compared using earthworms (Eisenia fetida) as soil model organisms. The obtained results indicated that photoaging of TWP resulted in an increase of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) from 3.69 × 10 17 to 5.20 × 10 17 spin/g. Meanwhile, photoaged TWP induced the changes of toxic endpoint in E. fetide, i.e., the increase of the weight loss and death ratio from 0.0425 to 0.0756 g/worm and 23.3 to 50% compared to original TWP under a 10% concentration, respectively. Analyses of transcriptomics, antioxidant enzyme activity, and histopathology demonstrated that the enhanced toxicity was mainly due to oxidative damage, which was induced by disruption in the antioxidant defense system. Free-radical quenching and correlation analysis further suggested that the excessive production of ex vivo reactive oxygen species, induced by EPFRs, led to the exhaustion of the antioxidant defense system. Overall, this work provides new insights into the potential hazard of the weathered TWP in a soil environment and has significant implications for the recycling and proper disposal of spent tire particles.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Transcriptomic Analysis Of the Toxicity Pathway To E Fetida ...mentioning

confidence: 94%

Photoaged Tire Wear Particles Leading to the Oxidative Damage on Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) by Disrupting the Antioxidant Defense System: The Definitive Role of Environmental Free Radicals

Chen,

Liu,

Yang

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The CR exposure presented here did not induce mortality, and sub-lethal toxicity endpoints were not studied. However, toxic responses from exposure to tire rubber particles, including increased mortality, have previously been observed in other fish species, including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; Kellough, 1991), and the freshwater fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and the estuarine mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus; LaPlaca and Hurk, 2020;LaPlaca et al, 2022). Reported sublethal effects following tire rubber exposure include altered swimming behavior and reduced growth in estuarine fish (Siddiqui et al, 2022), and sub-lethal toxicity in fathead minnow embryos (Chibwe et al, 2021) and the zebrafish Danio rerio (McIntyre et al, 2014).…”

Section: Toxicity Of Car Tire Rubber To Aquatic Organismsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Ingestion of car tire crumb rubber and uptake of associated chemicals by lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus)

Hägg,

Herzke,

Nikiforov

et al. 2023

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Car tire rubber constitutes one of the largest fractions of microplastics emissions to the environment. The two main emission sources are tire wear particles (TWPs) formed through abrasion during driving and runoff of crumb rubber (CR) granulate produced from end-of-life tires that is used as infill on artificial sports fields. Both tire wear particles and crumb rubber contain a complex mixture of metal and organic chemical additives, and exposure to both the particulate forms and their leachates can cause adverse effects in aquatic species. An understanding of the exposure pathways and mechanisms of toxicity are, however, scarce. While the most abundant metals and organic chemicals in car tire rubber have multiple other applications, para-phenylenediamines (PDs) are primarily used as rubber antioxidants and were recently shown to cause negative effects in aquatic organisms. The present study investigated the responses of the marine lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to crumb rubber exposure in a controlled feeding experiment. Juvenile fish were offered crumb rubber particles with their feed for 1 week, followed by 2 weeks of depuration. Crumb rubber particle ingestion occurred in >75% of exposed individuals, with a maximum of 84 particles observed in one specimen. Gastrointestinal tract retention times varied, with some organisms having no crumb rubber particles and others still containing up to 33 crumb rubber particles at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were analyzed for metals and organic chemicals, with ICP-MS analysis revealing there was no uptake of metals by the exposed fish. Interestingly, high resolution GC-MS analysis indicated that uptake of PDs into lumpfish blood was proportionate to the number of ingested CR particles. Three of the PDs found in blood were the same as those identified in the additive mixture Vulkanox3100. N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) was the most concentrated PD in both the crumb rubber and lumpfish blood. The transformation product 6PPD-quinone was detected in the rubber material, but not in the blood. This study demonstrates that PDs are specific and bioavailable chemicals in car tire rubber that have the potential to serve as biomarkers of recent exposure to tire chemicals, where simple blood samples could be used to assess recent tire chemical exposure in vertebrates, including humans.

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Estrogenic, Genotoxic, and Antibacterial Effects of Chemicals from Cryogenically Milled Tire Tread

Bergmann,

Masset,

Breider

et al. 2024

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) contain complex mixtures of chemicals and release them to the environment, and potential toxic effects of these chemicals still need to be characterized. We used a standardized surrogate for TRWP, cryogenically milled tire tread (CMTT), to isolate and evaluate effects of tire‐associated chemicals. We examined organic chemical mixtures extracted and leached from CMTT for the toxicity endpoints genotoxicity, estrogenicity, and inhibition of bacterial luminescence. The bioassays were performed after chromatographic separation on high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates. Extracts of CMTT were active in all three HPTLC bioassays with two estrogenic zones, two genotoxic zones, and two zones inhibiting bacterial luminescence. Extracts of CMTT artificially aged with thermooxidation were equally bioactive in each HPTLC bioassay. Two types of aqueous leachates of unaged CMTT, simulating either digestion by fish or contact with sediment and water, contained estrogenic chemicals and inhibitors of bacterial luminescence with similar profiles to those of CMTT extracts. Of 11 tested tire‐associated chemicals, two were estrogenic, three were genotoxic, and several inhibited bacterial luminescence. 1,3‐Diphenylguanidine, transformation products of N‐(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine, and benzothiazoles were especially implicated through comparison to HPTLC retention factors in the CMTT samples. Other bioactive bands in CMTT samples did not correspond to any target chemicals. Tire particles clearly contain and can leach complex mixtures of toxic chemicals to the environment. Although some known chemicals contribute to estrogenic, genotoxic, and antibacterial hazards, unidentified toxic chemicals are still present and deserve further investigation. Overall, our study expands the understanding of potential adverse effects from tire particles and helps improve the link between those effects and the responsible chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1–11. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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Chronic toxicity of tire crumb rubber particles to mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) in episodic exposures

Cited by 18 publications

References 58 publications

Photoaged Tire Wear Particles Leading to the Oxidative Damage on Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) by Disrupting the Antioxidant Defense System: The Definitive Role of Environmental Free Radicals

Photoaged Tire Wear Particles Leading to the Oxidative Damage on Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) by Disrupting the Antioxidant Defense System: The Definitive Role of Environmental Free Radicals

Ingestion of car tire crumb rubber and uptake of associated chemicals by lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus)

Estrogenic, Genotoxic, and Antibacterial Effects of Chemicals from Cryogenically Milled Tire Tread

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