Chronic Toxicity Studies

Anwar, Rashid; Langham, R F; Hoppert, C.A.; Alfredson, B. V.; Byerrum, Richard U.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1961.10663050

Cited by 43 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…Our results are comparable to those of Lehman and Klassen (24) who administered CdCl2 orally to rats and found that the retention of Cd after ingestion was dose-dependent and resulted from increased absorption of Cd at higher doses. Dose-dependent relationships have also been reported for mice, quail, dogs, and swine in other studies that used CdCl2 (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

In Vitro Gastrointestinal Method To Estimate Relative Bioavailable Cadmium in Contaminated Soil

Schroder¹,

Basta²,

Si³

et al. 2003

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The capacity of an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method to predict relative bioavailable Cd from soil ingestion was evaluated. Bioaccessible Cd determined by the IVG method was compared with relative bioavailable Cd measured from dosing trials using juvenile swine for 10 soils contaminated with Cd from 23.8 to 465 mg kg -1 . The effect of the food-dosing vehicle (i.e., dough) in the IVG method was evaluated. Bioaccessible Cd was measured in the gastric extraction and intestinal extraction steps of the IVG method. Means for bioaccessible Cd, in parentheses, fell in the following order: gastric extraction step without dough (63.0%) > intestinal extraction step without dough (39.1%) > gastric extraction step with dough (38.2%) > intestinal extraction step with dough (12.9%). It is possible that phytic acid associated with the addition of dough decreased bioaccessible Cd. In vivo relative bioavailable Cd ranged from 10.4 to 116% with a mean of 63.4%. Linear relationships between the IVG gastric extraction step without dough (r ) 0.86), the IVG intestinal extraction step with dough (r ) 0.80), and the in vivo relative bioavailable Cd were found. Inexpensive in vitro methods might be useful in estimating the relative biovailability of Cd in soils from contaminated sites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

In Vitro Gastrointestinal Method To Estimate Relative Bioavailable Cadmium in Contaminated Soil

Schroder¹,

Basta²,

Si³

et al. 2003

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Chromium

Kerger,

Loccisano

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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This chapter is intended to provide information on hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] human exposures and a weight of evidence analysis on the carcinogenicity of Cr(VI). The available scientific information demonstrates the importance of the chemistry of hexavalent chromium species in determining exposures, absorbed doses, and health risks via all routes of exposure. Cr(VI) is the second most stable oxidation state of chromium; however, it rarely occurs naturally. Most Cr(VI) compounds are manufactured as either products or produced as by‐products. General population exposures to Cr(VI) occur via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and water, and nondietary ingestion of dust and dirt. Most human exposures to total Cr are from dietary intake of Cr(III) that is naturally present. Occupational exposures to Cr(VI) occur largely via inhalation and dermal contact and exceed general population exposures. The inhalation and oral toxicology of Cr(VI) have been evaluated by several agencies and groups. Most recently, the U.S. EPA released a draft risk assessment of Cr(VI) in October 2022 and stated that Cr(VI) is likely to be carcinogenic to the human GI tract. In this draft, the Agency derived an oral slope for Cr(VI), which was an update to the Agency's previous assessment, which contained only an inhalation slope factor. We present a summary of production and use, human exposures, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, oral and inhalation toxicology, mode of action research, and a comprehensive reference list. Chromium III [Cr(III)] was not discussed in detail in this chapter as it is essentially nontoxic and there are many review papers.

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Chromium and its compounds [MAK Value Documentation, 1992]

2012

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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Published in the series Occupational Toxicants , Vol. 3 (1992) The article contains sections titled: Toxic Effects and Modes of Action Chromium compounds of oxidation states II, III, IV and V, chromium metal Effects in Man Effects on Animals Chromium(VI) compounds Effects in man Effects in animals Genotoxicity Manifesto (MAK value, classification)

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Chronic Toxicity Studies

Cited by 43 publications

References 4 publications

In Vitro Gastrointestinal Method To Estimate Relative Bioavailable Cadmium in Contaminated Soil

In Vitro Gastrointestinal Method To Estimate Relative Bioavailable Cadmium in Contaminated Soil

Chromium

Chromium and its compounds [MAK Value Documentation, 1992]

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