Chronic variable stress and partial 5-HT denervation by parachloroamphetamine treatment in the rat: effects on behavior and monoamine neurochemistry

Harro, Jaanus; Tõnissaar, Margus; Eller, Marika; Kask, Ants; Oreland, Lars

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02256-9

Cited by 110 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The duration of social interaction with an unfamiliar conspecific was significantly increased in chronically stressed animals irrespective of their exploratory phenotype. In singlehoused Wistar [30] and in group-housed Sprague-Dawley [53] male rats, a negative effect of CVS on social activity levels was found in the same testing conditions as used in the current study. However, in the abovementioned studies, even in the least active group, the time spent in social interaction was at least 2 times longer than in stressed animals in the present study, making an interstudy comparison impossible.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…The procedure used was developed on the basis of our previous experiments [30,31] . Various stressors of different duration were applied daily.…”

Section: Chronic Variable Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The classic social interaction test [34] was adopted in a modified version with group-housed animals [30] . Two unfamiliar, weight-matched rats of the same experimental group were placed in the opposite corners of a brightly lit chamber (35 !…”

Section: Social Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activating Effects of Chronic Variable Stress in Rats with Different Exploratory Activity: Association with Dopamine D1 Receptor Function in Nucleus Accumbens

Matrov¹,

Vonk

Herm

et al. 2011

Neuropsychobiology

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Background/Aims: Rats display persistent behavioural phenotypes of low (LE) versus high (HE) exploratory activity in the exploration box paradigm. LE rats that prefer passive coping strategies show differential dopaminergic activity in the striatum. The main hypothesis of this study was that chronic variable stress (CVS) would have a higher impact on LE rats. Methods: Animals were submitted to a CVS regimen lasting 32 days that was followed by a behavioural test battery. The functional states of their dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptors were measured in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Cerebral oxidative metabolism was assessed via cytochrome c oxidase histochemistry in 65 brain regions. Results: CVS decreased weight gain, to a higher extent in LE rats, and lowered the sucrose preference after the first week, but habituation to the anhedonic effect had developed by the end of the experiment. CVS did not change the behavioural phenotypes initially assigned. No effect of stress on D₂ receptor function was found. Chronically stressed animals exhibited higher levels of social interaction and D₁ receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation in the NAcc, but not in the striatum. CVS was associated with higher oxidative metabolism levels in the anteroventral thalamus, median raphe nuclei and central periaqueductal grey matter. These changes after stress did not depend upon the exploratory phenotype. Conclusion: This study revealed changes in brain biochemistry after habituation to CVS that might be implicated in successful adaptation to chronic stress.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…The procedure used was developed on the basis of our previous experiments [30,31] . Various stressors of different duration were applied daily.…”

Section: Chronic Variable Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activating Effects of Chronic Variable Stress in Rats with Different Exploratory Activity: Association with Dopamine D1 Receptor Function in Nucleus Accumbens

Matrov¹,

Vonk

Herm

et al. 2011

Neuropsychobiology

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“…This would allow the elucidation and elaboration of, probably, three types of effect of CMS: the two sets of neurobiological changes associated with the 'depressive' and 'anomalous' profi les ( table 5 ), respectively, and a further set of effects that are associated with exposure to chronic stress per se, independently of the behavioural profi le exhibited. Examples of effects that appear to be related to chronic stress per se are increased adrenal weight, which has been described in both 'depressive' [16,83] and 'anomalous' [88] animals, and decreased body weight, which has been extensively described and discussed in 'depressive' animals (see above), but is also seen in 'anomalous' animals [19,88,89] , as well as animals subjected to CMS that failed to develop 'depressive' behavioural changes [79] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example: in some studies the decrease in sucrose intake by rats was unstable over time [31] or habituated rapidly [19,53] ; Harris et al [75] reported a decrease in saccharin preference in only one study out of three; and the studies of Gronli et al [27,28] , in which CMS decreased sucrose intake in rats, is balanced by another study from the same group reporting the opposite effect, an increase in sucrose intake [86] : indeed, as discussed below, there are several other reports of similar anomalous fi ndings. There are also some reports that CMS did not signifi cantly alter sucrose intake [87 (abstract); 88,89] . (A number of similar, unpublished studies are known to the author from personal communications [5] , as, also, are some further unpublished studies showing positive effects of CMS.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) Revisited: Consistency and Behavioural-Neurobiological Concordance in the Effects of CMS

Willner¹

2005

Neuropsychobiology

1,445

1,023

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The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has high validity but has in the past been criticized for being difficult to replicate. However, a large number of recent publications have confirmed that CMS causes behavioural changes in rodents that parallel symptoms of depression. This review summarizes studies from over sixty independent research groups that have reported decreases in reactivity to rewards, and a variety of other depression-like behaviours, in rats or mice, following exposure to CMS. Together, these changes are referred to as a ‘depressive’ behavioural profile. Almost every study that has examined the effects of chronic antidepressant treatment in these procedures has reported that antidepressants were effective in reversing or preventing these ‘depressive’ behavioural changes. (The single exception is a study in which the duration of treatment was too brief to constitute an adequate trial.) There are also a handful of reports of CMS causing significant effects in the opposite direction, termed here an ‘anomalous’ behavioural profile. There are six neurobiological parameters that have been studied in both ‘anhedonic’ and ‘anomalous’ animals: psychostimulant and place-conditioning effects of dopamine agonists; dopamine D₂ receptor number and message; inhibition of dopamine turnover by quinpirole, and beta-adrenergic receptor binding. On all six measures, CMS caused opposite effects in animals displaying ‘depressive’ and ‘anomalous’ profiles. Thus, there is overwhelming evidence that under appropriate experimental conditions, CMS can cause antidepressant-reversible depressive-like effects in rodents; however, the ‘anomalous’ profile that is occasionally reported appears to be a genuine phenomenon, and these two sets of behavioural effects appear to be associated with opposite patterns of neurobiological changes.

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Chronic exposure to stress predisposes to higher autoimmune susceptibility in C57BL/6 mice: Glucocorticoids as a double‐edged sword

et al. 2013

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Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis to promote the release of corticosterone (CORT), which consequently suppresses pathogenic stimulation of the immune system. Paradoxically, however, stress often promotes autoimmunity through yet unknown mechanisms. Here we investigated how chronic variable stress (CVS), and the associated alterations in CORT levels, affect the susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in female and male C57BL/6 mice. Under baseline (nonstressed) conditions, females exhibited substantially higher CORT levels and an attenuated EAE with less mortality than males. However, CVS induced a significantly worsened EAE in females, which was prevented if CORT signaling was blocked. In addition, females under CVS conditions showed a shift toward proinflammatory Th1/Th17 versus Th2 responses and a decreased proportion of CD4 + CD25 + Treg cells. This demonstrates that whereas C57BL/6 female mice generally exhibit higher CORT levels and an attenuated form of EAE than males, they become less responsive to the immunosuppressive effects of CORT under chronic stress and thereby prone to a higher risk of destructive autoimmunity.Keywords: CD4 T cells r Chronic stress r Corticosterone r EAE Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site IntroductionIt has been well established that stress may substantially affect the homeostatic regulation of the immune system [1][2][3]. In most Correspondence: Dr. Alon Monsonego e-mail: alonmon@bgu.ac.il animal models studied thus far, stressful triggers such as fear, maternal deprivation, social threat, or physiological challenge have been shown to induce immunosuppression associated with increased susceptibility to allergies and infectious diseases [1,4,5]. These effects are mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a complex network linking the nervous, endocrine and immune systems [6,7].The HPA axis can be triggered by stress or by proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) to ultimately result in C 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim www.eji-journal.eu Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43: 758-769 Immunomodulation 759 the secretion of corticosterone (CORT) from the adrenal glands to the circulation [8]. CORT, in turn, acts to suppress the activation, proliferation, and trafficking of immune cells [9,10] and plays a role in autoimmune regulation via shifting from Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory to Th2 antiinflammatory responses [11][12][13]. Indeed, previous studies have shown that rats producing lower CORT levels (e.g. due to genetic manipulation or adrenalectomy) are more susceptible to pathogenic autoimmunity [14]. CORT is therefore often used as an immunosuppressor in the clinical treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases [9,15,16]. Regardless of the immunosuppressive effects of CORT, chronic exposure to stress has also been linked with relapse of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis [17,18] and psoriasis [19,2...

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Chronic variable stress and partial 5-HT denervation by parachloroamphetamine treatment in the rat: effects on behavior and monoamine neurochemistry

Cited by 110 publications

References 65 publications

Activating Effects of Chronic Variable Stress in Rats with Different Exploratory Activity: Association with Dopamine D1 Receptor Function in Nucleus Accumbens

Activating Effects of Chronic Variable Stress in Rats with Different Exploratory Activity: Association with Dopamine D1 Receptor Function in Nucleus Accumbens

Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) Revisited: Consistency and Behavioural-Neurobiological Concordance in the Effects of CMS

Chronic exposure to stress predisposes to higher autoimmune susceptibility in C57BL/6 mice: Glucocorticoids as a double‐edged sword

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