Chronicles of HBV and the Road to HBV Cure

Hamidu, Rukaiya Bashir; Hann, Richard R.; Hann, Hie‐Won

doi:10.3390/livers3020015

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global public health problem with an estimated 350 million chronic hepatitis B carriers, causing 820,000 deaths in 2019 alone [1][2][3]. HBV is endemic in many parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, China, and Africa [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HBV is endemic in many parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, China, and Africa [4]. It belongs to a family of DNA viruses called hepadnaviruses, which is composed of at least ten genotypes, A-J [2,5,6]. The virion is an enveloped nucleocapsid that delivers an incomplete circular DNA genome into the host cell, initiating viral replication [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Related Factors for Persistent Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Varghese,

Majeed,

Nyalakonda

et al. 2024

Cancers

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Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the largest global cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current HBV treatment options include pegylated interferon-alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), which have been shown to be effective in reducing HBV DNA levels to become undetectable. However, the literature has shown that some patients have persistent risk of developing HCC. The mechanism in which this occurs has not been fully elucidated. However, it has been discovered that HBV’s covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) integrates into the critical HCC driver genes in hepatocytes upon initial infection; additionally, these are not targets of current NA therapies. Some studies suggest that HBV undergoes compartmentalization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells that serve as a sanctuary for replication during antiviral therapy. The aim of this review is to expand on how patients with HBV may develop HCC despite years of HBV viral suppression and carry worse prognosis than treatment-naive HBV patients who develop HCC. Furthermore, HCC recurrence after initial surgical or locoregional treatment in this setting may cause carcinogenic cells to behave more aggressively during treatment. Curative novel therapies which target the life cycle of HBV, modulate host immune response, and inhibit HBV RNA translation are being investigated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Related Factors for Persistent Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Varghese,

Majeed,

Nyalakonda

et al. 2024

Cancers

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Hepatitis B Virus‐Associated Liver Carcinoma: The Role of Iron Metabolism and Its Modulation

Ali,

Muhammad,

Naqvi

et al. 2024

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant contributor to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Iron, a central co‐factor in various metabolic pathways, plays an essential role in liver function, but its dysregulation can lead to severe health consequences. Accumulation of iron within hepatic cells over time is linked to increased liver injury and is strongly associated with sensitive exposure to a range of conditions, including cirrhosis, fibrosis and ultimately, HCC. This review explores the intricate interplay between iron metabolism and HCC within the context of HBV infection. Hepatic iron overload can arise from liver injury and disruptions in iron homeostasis, causing hepatic necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, ultimately culminating in carcinogenesis. Moreover, alterations in serum iron components in HBV‐related scenarios have been observed to impact the persistence of HBV infection. Notably, the progression of HBV‐associated liver damage exhibits distinct characteristics at various stages of liver disease. In addition to elucidating the complex relationship between iron metabolism and HCC in the context of HBV infection, this review also investigates the prognostic implications of systemic iron levels for HCC. Furthermore, it aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between iron metabolism and HCC, extending the discussion to the context of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. By shedding light on these multifaceted connections, this review aims to contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of HBV‐associated HCC and potentially identify novel therapeutic avenues for intervention.

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Review of Related Factors for Persistent Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Varghese,

Majeed,

Nyalakonda

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the largest global cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current HBV treatment options include pegylated interferon-alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), which have been shown to be effective in reducing HBV DNA levels to become undetectable. However, literature has shown that some patients have persistent risk of developing HCC. The mechanism in which this occurs is not fully elucidated, however it has been discovered that HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) integrates into critical HCC driver genes in hepatocytes upon initial infection and are not targets of current NA therapy. Some studies suggest that HBV undergoes compartmentalization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells that serve as a sanctuary for replication during antiviral therapy. The aim of this review is to expand on how patients with HBV may develop HCC despite years of HBV viral suppression and carry worse prognosis than treatment-naive HBV patients who develop HCC. Furthermore, HCC recurrence after initial surgical or locoregional treatment in this setting may cause carcinogenic cells to be-have more aggressively in the treatment experienced. Curative novel therapies targeting the life cycle of HBV, modulating the host immune response, and inhibiting HBV RNA translation are being investigated.

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Chronicles of HBV and the Road to HBV Cure

Cited by 3 publications

References 50 publications

Review of Related Factors for Persistent Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Review of Related Factors for Persistent Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatitis B Virus‐Associated Liver Carcinoma: The Role of Iron Metabolism and Its Modulation

Review of Related Factors for Persistent Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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