Chronological Review of the Catalytic Progress of Polylactic Acid Formation through Ring Opening Polymerization

Dubey, Satya P.; Abhyankar, Hrushikesh; Marchante, Veronica; Brighton, James; Blackburn, Kim

doi:10.9734/irjpac/2016/27469

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(139 reference statements)

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“…due to microwave irradiation. [28], [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] Microwave assisted ROP technology for LA is emerging as a new green viable technique to synthesise PLA due to its homogeneous heating along with high efficiency [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51], [69]. Liu et al have initially reported on the microwave-irradiated polymerization of D,L-LA [45,46] ).…”

Section: Chronological Scientific Research Development In Pla Synthesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The market for common household consumable polymers including HIPP, PVC and PET along with biodegradable polymers has been approximately around 200,000 tons in 2005, of which 50% was PLA. The demand for industrial production of biodegradable polymers instead of conventional petrochemical polymers increases many folds due to the environmental (landfilled) issues related to the petrochemical-based polymers [2,28]. Additionally, the incorporation of PLA based nanocomposites emerges as a huge area of interest and demand in medical applications.…”

Section: Industrial Concern and Contribution Industrial Concern And Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…reported the use of organic/metal-free catalysts in the production of biopolymers [5][6][7]. Several other researchers also reported the usefulness of non-conventional catalysts such as enzyme base or carbene based [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. In this work development, especially in the field of different alternatives to catalysts, implementation of AE source and several applications of PLA based nanocomposite material are highlighted.…”

Section: Introduction Introduction Introduction Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in environmental-friendly polymer nanocomposite material from PLA: Synthesis, processing and applications

Dubey

Thakur

Krishnaswamy

et al. 2017

Vacuum

Self Cite

112

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The disposal of large amounts of waste from daily use polymers is among one of the foremost concerns in the current era. Effective utilization of bio-renewable materials procured from natural sources has been proposed as a potential solution to this problem. Among such different polymers, Poly lactic acid (PLA) which is a bio-degradable polymer, resembles quite promotable features, which can be polymerized from sustainable sources as chips sugarcane, starch and corn. Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of Lactide (LA) monomer considering catalysts such as Al, Sn or Zn is one of the efficient methods for the PLA synthesis. However, the PLA polymerized through this type of catalysts may contain trace elements of the catalyst. Due to their carcinogenic nature, the traces of such catalysts should be (ideally) removed from the synthesis process. The use of alternative energy (AE-UV, Microwave) sources could be a potential route. Alternative development of non-metal catalysts is best alternatives for the processing of PLA through ROP. PLA layer based composite materials are gaining huge interest due to their multiple application (food, medical etc.) as eco-friendly material. In this article, we review on the implementation of AE sources for PLA processing and to populate the current state-of-the-art associated with the PLA research, especially application in nanocomposite materials field. A C C E P T E DACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 ROP of Monomers through Metal/ ROP of Monomers through Metal/ ROP of Monomers through Metal/ ROP of Monomers through Metal/metal metal metal metal----free free free free Catalyst Catalyst Catalyst CatalystThe basis of the ROP process starts with opening the cyclic ring of monomers like amides (lactams), esters (lactones) and a cyclic ether. Then the opened ring acts as an active centre where other monomers join to create a longer polymer chain via ionic propagation consisting of initiation/ propagation as well as termination reactions [12]. In last two decades, several different classes of catalysts were implemented to synthesis PLA however, metal-based catalysts are the most common [7][8][9][10][11]. Apart from metal, organic and enzyme-based catalysts were also tried but with regards to the efficiency and reaction time, metal based catalysts show a more promising effect than non-metal based catalysts. Among many, Sn(Oct) 2 was a highly approved catalyst by United State food and drugs association (USFDA) for catalysis of LA. Once the monomer gets activated by the initiator (catalyst), the active site attracts other monomers to attach and increase the chain length. Thermodynamic and reaction kinetic are key factors for the suitability of polymerization of cyclic monomers [12], [13].

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Section: Chronological Scientific Research Development In Pla Synthesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Industrial Concern and Contribution Industrial Concern And Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction Introduction Introduction Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress in environmental-friendly polymer nanocomposite material from PLA: Synthesis, processing and applications

Dubey

Thakur

Krishnaswamy

et al. 2017

Vacuum

Self Cite

112

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“…were taken straight from the literature. 30 Dubey et al 29,30,33 covers mostly the details of research work related to mathematical modelling of ROP process of lactide in last 10 years or so. This mathematical model provided the isothermal curves that were implemented in Ludovic®.…”

Section: 30mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[31][32][33] At present, commercial versions of this soware do not come with an option to simulate reactive extrusion, i.e. when a reaction happens during the extrusion process (within the extruder barrel).…”

Section: Modelling Of Rop Reaction Mechanism In Reactive Extrusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave energy assisted synthesis of poly lactic acid via continuous reactive extrusion: modelling of reaction kinetics

et al. 2017

Self Cite

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The most commonly used batch process to manufacture PLA is ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide monomer in a suitable solvent, in the presence of a metallic/bimetallic catalyst (Sn, Zn, and Al) or other organic catalysts. However, this process does not lend itself to safer/cleaner and high throughput (and high volume) manufacturing. Continuous reactive extrusion of lactide monomer using a suitable reaction input has the potential to increase the throughput, and this route has been explored in the literature. In this work, reactive extrusion experiments using stannous octoate Sn(Oct) 2 and tri-phenyl phosphine (PPh) 3 , were considered to perform ROP of lactide monomer using the microwave as an alternative energy (AE) source for activating and/or boosting the polymerization. Implementation of a microwave generator in a section of the extruder is one of the novelties of this research. A simulation model of ROP of PLA was formulated to estimate the impact of reaction kinetics and AE source on the polymerization process. Ludovic® software was used for the simulation of continuous reactive extrusion of the process. Experimental and simulated results were compared for the validation of the methodology. This work also highlights the advantages and drawbacks of most conventional metal catalysts, the effect of alternative energies on reaction mechanism, and safe and efficient production of PLA.

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Electrical stimulation for therapeutic approach

Kim

Kwon

et al. 2023

Interdisciplinary Medicine

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Electrical stimulation as a therapeutic approach is widely applicable in terms of target tissues or target effects. This method can be an alternative to conventional therapies for patients who are resistant to drugs or are ineligible for surgical operations. In addition, as researchers have actively studied how to adjust the parameters for electrical stimulation in order to improve effectiveness, many patients have already received treatments with electrical stimulation. With respect to devices for electrical stimulation, recent studies are focused on developing reliability for safe and long‐term operations. From the point of view of engineers, a comprehensive understanding of how electrical stimulation modulates the biological system is essential to develop advanced strategies that provide effective therapeutic results. Herein, the fundamental mechanisms for delivering electrical stimulation on biological tissues are reviewed along with the requirements that need to be qualified by the electrodes. Furthermore, the latest advances in electrical stimulation devices are discussed followed by an introduction of representative applications of therapeutic electrical stimulation.

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Chronological Review of the Catalytic Progress of Polylactic Acid Formation through Ring Opening Polymerization

Cited by 17 publications

References 85 publications

Progress in environmental-friendly polymer nanocomposite material from PLA: Synthesis, processing and applications

Progress in environmental-friendly polymer nanocomposite material from PLA: Synthesis, processing and applications

Microwave energy assisted synthesis of poly lactic acid via continuous reactive extrusion: modelling of reaction kinetics

Electrical stimulation for therapeutic approach

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