Chronotype and Social Jetlag - a (self-)critical review

Roenneberg, Till; Pilz, Luísa K.; Zerbini, Giulia; Winnebeck, Eva C.

doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0092.v1

Cited by 69 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…where MSF SC is the mid-sleep phase during the free days (weekend in our case), after subtracting extra weekend sleep, and MSW is the mid-sleep phase during the workdays (school day in our case; Roenneberg et al., 2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Afternoon School Start Times Are Associated with a Lack of Both Social Jetlag and Sleep Deprivation in Adolescents

et al. 2020

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The delayed circadian timing of adolescents creates a conflict with early school start times (SSTs). We used wrist actimetry to compare sleep parameters and routine nighttime activities in middle school students attending either a morning (0700 to 1200 h) or an afternoon (1230 to 1730 h) school shift. On school days, students from both shifts ( n = 21 for morning shift, n = 20 for afternoon shift, ages 12-14 years) had a similar sleep onset, but morning-shift students had an earlier sleep offset and a 1 h 45 min shorter sleep duration than their afternoon peers, who slept the recommended 8 to 10 h of daily sleep. Only morning-shift students had afternoon naps, but this afternoon sleep was not sufficient to overcome sleep deprivation. On weekends, sleep onsets and offsets did not differ between shifts. Because only morning-shift students woke up later and slept longer (2 h 3 min) on weekends, they were also the only ones who experienced social jetlag. Daily surveys on their nighttime (from 1800 to 0600 h) activities indicated there was no difference between shifts in the time spent on leisure or using electronic media during school days, but students from both shifts spent more time in these activities during the weekend. Our study confirms that early SST in adolescents is associated with sleep deprivation and suggests that schedules that start much later than typically considered may be needed to eliminate sleep deprivation in adolescents.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Afternoon School Start Times Are Associated with a Lack of Both Social Jetlag and Sleep Deprivation in Adolescents

et al. 2020

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“…Eveningness has been associated with increased social jet leg (Roenneberg, Pilz, Zerbini, & Winnebeck, 2019). Social jetlag refers to a misalignment between biological time and sleep timing imposed by social schedules such as school and work times.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐reported sleep quality is more closely associated with mental and physical health than chronotype and sleep duration in young adults: A multi‐instrument analysis

Muzni

Groeger

Dijk

et al. 2020

Journal of Sleep Research

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Sleep and circadian rhythms are considered to be important determinants of mental and physical health. Epidemiological studies have established the contribution of self‐reported sleep duration, sleep quality and chronotype to health outcomes. Mental health and sleep problems are more common in women and men are more likely to be evening types. Few studies have compared the relative strength of these contributions and few studies have assessed these contributions separately in men and women. Furthermore, sleep and circadian characteristics are typically assessed with a limited number of instruments and a narrow range of variables is considered, leaving the understanding of the relative contribution of different predictors somewhat fractionary. We compared sleep quality, sleep duration and chronotype as predictors for self‐reported mental and physical health and psychological characteristics in 410 men and 261 women aged 18 to 30. To ascertain that results were not dependent on the use of specific instruments we used a multitude of validated instruments including the Morningness‐Eveningness‐Questionnaire, Munich‐ChronoType‐Questionnaire, Pittsburgh‐Sleep‐Quality‐Index, British‐Sleep‐Survey, Karolinska‐Sleep‐Diary, Insomnia‐Severity‐Index, SF‐36‐Health Survey, General‐Health‐Questionnaire, Dutch‐Eating‐Behaviour‐Questionnaire, Big‐Five‐Inventory, Behaviour‐Inhibition‐System‐Behaviour‐Activation‐System, and the Positive‐Affect‐Negative‐Affect‐Schedule. Relative contributions of predictors were quantified as local effect sizes derived from multiple regression models. Across all questionnaires, sleep quality was the strongest independent predictor of health and in particular mental health and more so in women than in men. The effect of sleep duration and social jetlag was inconspicuous. A greater insight into the independent contributions of sleep quality and chronotype may aid the understanding of sleep‐health interactions in women and men.

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“…Individual chronotype, a proxy for individual phase of entrainment (or how early or late an individual's circadian system embeds to the 24-h light/dark cycle), has been proposed to depend on the interaction of these 3 clocks (Roenneberg, 2012(Roenneberg, , 2015. In large-scale studies, chronotype can be measured by questionnaires, with sleep behavior-based markers such as the mid-sleep on free days adjusted for sleep debt during work days (MSFsc) correlating fairly well with physiological parameters of the human circadian rhythm (Kantermann et al, 2015;Kitamura et al, 2014;Nováková et al, 2013;Roenneberg, 2015;Roenneberg et al, 2007aRoenneberg et al, , 2019. Both progressive delays in human circadian melatonin rhythms (Crowley et al, 2014) and sleep timing-based data suggest that during adolescence, individuals become progressively later chronotypes and then reverse to earlier chronotypes as they end adolescence (Roenneberg et al, 2004(Roenneberg et al, , 2007a.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Short Sleep Duration and Extremely Delayed Chronotypes in Uruguayan Youth: The Role of School Start Times and Social Constraints

et al. 2020

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During adolescence, biological, psychosocial, and contextual factors converge in a “perfect storm” and have been put forward to explain the delay in chronotype observed at this age and the prevalence of disrupted sleep. This study provides evidence to support that chronotype and sleep patterns (particularly sleep duration) are socially constrained and to identify novel significant social predictors. Uruguayan public school activities are arranged in up to 4 shifts, creating a natural experiment to examine the effect of school timing on questionnaire-based assessments of sleep and chronotype. In this study, 268 high school students (15-18 years old) who attended school either on morning (0730 to 1130 h) or afternoon shifts (1130 h to 1530 h) responded to an adapted School Sleep Habits Survey. Students attending afternoon shifts had later chronotypes (a 1.5-h later midpoint of sleep on free days adjusted for sleep debt) than those attending the morning shift. Besides shift, evening social activities (including dinner time) were further identified as key predictors of late chronotypes, whereas age and gender were not. Sleep on school days was overall advanced and reduced with respect to weekends, and these effects were stronger in morning-shift students. Weekend sleep duration was similar between shifts, which probably caused the prevalence of reduced sleep durations (average weekly sleep duration, SDweek <8 h) to be higher in morning-shift students (almost 80%) than in afternoon-shift ones (34%). Reduced sleep duration was significantly higher in morning-shift students. In addition, age, chronotype, and dinner time became relevant determinants of sleep deficit only in the morning-shift students. Besides the important social constraint of early school start time, this is the first study to confirm the significance of other types of social pressures on both adolescents’ chronotype and sleep deficit, which can be useful as potential new targets for effective policies to protect adolescent sleep.

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Chronotype and Social Jetlag - a (self-)critical review

Cited by 69 publications

References 93 publications

Afternoon School Start Times Are Associated with a Lack of Both Social Jetlag and Sleep Deprivation in Adolescents

Afternoon School Start Times Are Associated with a Lack of Both Social Jetlag and Sleep Deprivation in Adolescents

Self‐reported sleep quality is more closely associated with mental and physical health than chronotype and sleep duration in young adults: A multi‐instrument analysis

Short Sleep Duration and Extremely Delayed Chronotypes in Uruguayan Youth: The Role of School Start Times and Social Constraints

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